21 例原发性肺隐球菌病诊治体会简

目的 通过回顾性分析21例原发性肺隐球菌病例,提高肺隐球菌病的诊治水平.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月-2012年12月期间收治的21例肺隐球菌病患者的临床资料.结果 21例患者临床表现均缺乏特异性;肺部CT表现：61.9%表现为单发或多发结节、肿块影,23.8%表现为肺部浸润实变影,15.7%为混合病灶.所有患者血清乳胶凝集试验均呈阳性.确诊患者11例,其中开胸手术确诊2例,TBLB确诊1例,CT引导肺穿刺活检确诊7例,穿刺液培养阳性1例;临床诊断10例.所有患者均未合并隐球菌脑膜炎.在接受氟康唑和氟胞嘧啶治疗3月后,所有患者肺部病灶均明显吸收.结论 原发性肺隐球菌病临床表现无特异性,确诊主要依靠病理,应优先考虑采用CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术获取病理组织;血清乳胶凝集试验对诊断具有重要价值,结合患者的影像学表现和治疗反应可进行临床诊断.     

临床影像酷似肺肿瘤的隐球菌病临床病理分析——附10例报告

目的:探讨肺隐球菌病(PC)的临床病理特征、诊断、鉴别诊断及临床误诊原因。方法:回顾性分析10例PC的病理和临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果:10例肺隐球菌病中男性6例,女性4例,年龄43~67岁,中位年龄56岁。首发症状常为咳嗽、咳痰、胸痛和发热。影像学检查:5例显示团片状影,4例呈孤立性结节影,1例为混合病变,伴毛刺征及晕征等,术前8例考虑为肺癌,2例考虑特殊感染,无1例初诊为PC。后经手术病理证实10例均为肺隐球菌病。大体切面呈灰白色或灰褐色的瘤样肿块,镜下可见8例有多核巨细胞肉芽肿形成伴大量炎细胞浸润,2例病灶内肺泡结构破坏,明显纤维化;特殊染色显示巨噬细胞胞质及肺泡腔中可见具有诊断意义的圆形空泡状隐球菌孢子。结论:PC的临床及影像学表现不特异,病理表现复杂多样,容易误诊为肺癌、结核及结节病等疾病,其诊断主要组织学形态和特殊染色,术前行经皮穿刺肺活检的诊断方法应给予足够重视。     

Pulmonary cryptococcosis mimicking pulmonary metastases in a patient treated with tegafururacil after lung cancer surgery

A 71-year-old man who had undergone surgery for stage II adenocarcinoma of the lung followed by adjuvant tegafur-uracil (UFT?; 300 mg/day) therapy was admitted. Multiple nodules were found in both lungs on chest radiographs obtained 1.5 years after the surgery. Imaging characteristics of the nodules resembled those of pulmonary metastases. Histologic assessment of a biopsy specimen obtained during thoracoscopic resection revealed pulmonary cryptococcosis. The patient was administered 200 mg/day fluconazole for 6 months. Physicians need to be aware of the possibility of pulmonary cryptococcosis mimicking pulmonary metastases in patients treated with UFT? after surgery for lung cancer.     

Massive pleural effusions in cryptococcal meningitis

Cryptococcal infection uncommonly presents with pulmonary manifestations and even more rarely so as massive bilateral effusions. Pleural involvement is usually associated with underlying pulmonary parenchymal lesions and is unusual while on antifungal therapy. We report a patient with cryptococcal meningitis who, while on intravenous 5-flucytosine and amphotericin B, developed life-threatening bilateral massive pleural effusions with evidence of spontaneous resolution, consistent with prior hypothesis of antigenic stimulation as the cause of pleural involvement.


     

High mortality in systemic fungal infections following renal transplantation in third-world countries

Amongst 310 recipients of live related renal transplants, systemicfungal infections were observed in 19 patients (6.1%). Theseincluded cryptococcosis in eight (42%), candidiasis in seven(37%), mucor-mycosis in two (11 %), aspergillosis in one (5.5%),and a mixed cryptococcal and Aspergillus infection in one patient(5.5%). Infections occurred within 12 months of transplantationin seven patients and after 13–37 months in the remainingpatients. Prolonged fever not responding to antibiotics wasthe most common presentation. Central nervous system was involvedin all patients with cryptococcosis, while Candida infectionprimarily involved the urinary tract. Both patients with mucormycosisexhibited signs and symptoms of florid rhinocerebral diseaseand a rapid downhill course. Pulmonary manifestations were themost prominent features of patients with aspergillosis. Parenteralamphotericin B with or without 5-fluorocytosine was startedin all, but three patients could receive the therapy only for1–3 weeks. Three patients with cryptococcosis developedamphotericin-related complications and were changed to oralfluconazole. Seven patients recovered and 12 (63%) died. None of the patients had cytomegalovirus infection precedingthe onset of fungal disease. The high frequency of fungal infectionsamongst our allograft recipients could not be ascribed to overimmunosup-pression, since 16 patients (84%) were only on maintenancedoses of immunosuppressive drugs and in 13 (68.4%) graft functionwas normal at the time of diagnosis. The high frequency of fungal infections in our patients wasmost probably related to the poor hygienic and sanitary conditionswhich continue to be prevalent in the tropical environment ofthird-world countries. Delays in the diagnosis and late institutionof therapy result in a high mortality. A high index of suspicion,appropriate investigations and early treatment are vital toreduce morbidity and mortality due to fungal infections amongstallograft recipients.     

Hepatic cryptococcosis in a heart transplant recipient

Cryptococcosis primarily occurs in patients with impaired immune response. While pulmonary and/or cerebral involvement are more often described, there is limited experience of its presence in other sites. We present a case of hepatic cryptococcosis with possible pulmonary involvement in a 54-year-old male heart transplant recipient. Two months after heart transplantation, he developed a persistent, moderate dyspnea with fever and signs of liver damage. Diagnosis was made with liver biopsy for a concurrent reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection already present before transplant. Along with a mild chronic HBV hepatitis with fibrosis, we observed sinusoidal dilation and groups of bright, rounded, colorless cells with a central nucleus suggestive of cryptococci. Periodic acid-Schiff stain clearly showed encapsulated yeasts, which supported the diagnosis. Cryptococcal antigen was positive in serum and negative in the cerebrospinal fluid. Computed tomography scan of the chest demonstrated a mild interstitial infiltrate. The patient promptly responded to reduction of immunosuppressive therapy and antifungal treatment with amphotericin B lipid complex and flucytosine followed by maintenance treatment with fluconazole. Cryptococcosis should always be considered in the differential diagnosis in immunocompromised hosts with dyspnea and signs of extrapulmonary involvement. Diagnosis of extrapulmonary and extraneural cryptococcosis is difficult and often fortuitous; a histopathological examination of tissues involved is probably warranted.     

原发性肺隐球菌病肿块结节型的CT表现

目的分析原发性肺隐球菌病肿块、结节型的CT表现,并与肺部恶性肿瘤鉴别,以提高对本病的认识。方法回顾性分析2例经病理证实的肿块、结节型肺隐球菌病患者的CT表现,结合文献总结原发性肺隐球菌病的CT表现。结果 2例患者中均无基础疾病,1例临床表现为畏冷、发热伴咽痛、咳嗽,1例无明显症状。CT表现为单发结节型1例,结节、肿块混合型1例。经手术切除病理证实1例,肺穿刺活检证实1例。结论原发性肺隐球菌病的CT表现缺乏特异性,尤其是肿块、结节型,容易误诊为肺部恶性肿瘤,确诊主要依赖病理学检查。     

Pharmacotherapy of cryptococcosis

Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes central nervous system and pulmonary disease among immunocompromised patients. Recent studies highlight the high incidence of cryptococcosis among patients in certain resource-poor areas, where there is also a high incidence of AIDS. Despite the availability of antifungal agents with anticryptococcal activity, the mortality and treatment-failure rates associated with cryptococcosis remain unacceptably high. This article reviews current treatment strategies and the basis for these strategies, as well as prospects for future approaches to the treatment of cryptococcosis.