急性重度苯酚中毒致心脏骤停1例报告

[摘要]　目的　研制汉坦病毒核酸检测试剂参考品并制定其质量评价标准。方法　收集汉坦病毒阳性和阴性临床分离株样本，制备汉坦病毒RNA噬菌体模拟样本，使用宏基因组测序方法和实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应检测方法进行核酸序列鉴定。选择合适样本组成参考品并使用不同试剂对参考品进行协作标定。根据标定结果确定汉坦病毒核酸检测试剂参考品的质量标准，并评估其稳定性。结果　汉坦病毒核酸检测试剂参考品由20份样本组成，包括阳性参考品5份（PC01～PC05）、阴性参考品11份（NC01～NC11）、精密性参考品2份（R01、R02）以及检出限参考品2份（S01、S05）。其中，检出限参考品1:10梯度稀释后，要求S02、S03为汉坦病毒汉滩型阳性，S06、S07为汉坦病毒汉城型阳性，其余样本不做要求。稳定性评价结果表明，汉坦病毒核酸检测试剂参考品经25 ℃室温放置24 h或反复冻融3次均不影响参考品性能。结论　本研究研制了汉坦病毒核酸检测试剂参考品，并制定了其质量标准，可应用于相关定性检测试剂的质量评价。     

Production and biomedical applications of virus-like particles derived from polyomaviruses

Virus-like particles (VLPs), aggregates of capsid proteins devoid of viral genetic material, show great promise in the fields of vaccine development and gene therapy. These particles spontaneously self-assemble after heterologous expression of viral structural proteins. This review will focus on the use of virus-like particles derived from polyomavirus capsid proteins. Since their first recombinant production 27 years ago these particles have been investigated for a myriad of biomedical applications. These virus-like particles are safe, easy to produce, can be loaded with a broad range of diverse cargos and can be tailored for specific delivery or epitope presentation. We will highlight the structural characteristics of polyomavirus-derived VLPs and give an overview of their applications in diagnostics, vaccine development and gene delivery.     

Human Hantavirus Infections in the Netherlands

We report the recent epidemiology and estimated seroprevalence of human hantavirus infections in the Netherlands. Sixty-two cases were reported during December 2008–December 2013. The estimated seroprevalence in the screened municipalities in 2006–2007 was 1.7% (95% CI 1.3%–2.3%). Findings suggest that hantavirus infections are underdiagnosed in the Netherlands.     

Hantavirus Immunology of Rodent Reservoirs: Current Status and Future Directions

Hantaviruses are hosted by rodents, insectivores and bats. Several rodent-borne hantaviruses cause two diseases that share many features in humans, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Eurasia or hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in the Americas. It is thought that the immune response plays a significant contributory role in these diseases. However, in reservoir hosts that have been closely examined, little or no pathology occurs and infection is persistent despite evidence of adaptive immune responses. Because most hantavirus reservoirs are not model organisms, it is difficult to conduct meaningful experiments that might shed light on how the viruses evade sterilizing immune responses and why immunopathology does not occur. Despite these limitations, recent advances in instrumentation and bioinformatics will have a dramatic impact on understanding reservoir host responses to hantaviruses by employing a systems biology approach to identify important pathways that mediate virus/reservoir relationships.     

Comment on Jameson et al.: Prevalence of Antibodies against Hantaviruses in Serum and Saliva of Adults Living or Working on Farms in Yorkshire,United Kingdom

This British hantavirus IgG prevalence study, aimed at 119 asymptomatic farmers in England, and using indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) as screening technique, concluded that rat-transmitted Seoul virus (SEOV) might be the main suspect as hantaviral pathogen in the UK. Exactly the same conclusion, using the same IFA screening technique, resulted from a 1994 serosurvey in the same country, and in 627 clinical cases plus 100 healthy controls. SEOV-positive study subjects were also mainly farmers with heavy rat-exposure, but residing in Northern-Ireland, a region where all other known rodent reservoirs for pathogenic hantaviruses are known to be absent, except the wild rat. A rodent capture action in and around the farms of eight seropositives confirmed SEOV seropositivity in 21.6% of 51 rats. All SEOV seropositives were patients, hospitalized with an acute feverish condition, a majority of which having the clinical picture of hantavirus-induced nephropathy, known as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Leptospirosis, often mimicking perfectly HFRS, was serologically excluded. Thus, SEOV was established as a human hantaviral pathogen in the UK and in Europe 20 years ago.     

Molecular Phylogeny of Hantaviruses Harbored by Insectivorous Bats in C?te d’Ivoire and Vietnam

The recent discovery of genetically distinct hantaviruses in multiple species of shrews and moles prompted a further exploration of their host diversification by analyzing frozen, ethanol-fixed and RNAlater^®-preserved archival tissues and fecal samples from 533 bats (representing seven families, 28 genera and 53 species in the order Chiroptera), captured in Asia, Africa and the Americas in 1981–2012, using RT-PCR. Hantavirus RNA was detected in Pomona roundleaf bats (Hipposideros pomona) (family Hipposideridae), captured in Vietnam in 1997 and 1999, and in banana pipistrelles (Neoromicia nanus) (family Vespertilionidae), captured in Côte d’Ivoire in 2011. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the full-length S- and partial M- and L-segment sequences using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods, demonstrated that the newfound hantaviruses formed highly divergent lineages, comprising other recently recognized bat-borne hantaviruses in Sierra Leone and China. The detection of bat-associated hantaviruses opens a new era in hantavirology and provides insights into their evolutionary origins.     

Prevalence of Antibodies against Hantaviruses in Serum and Saliva of Adults Living or Working on Farms in Yorkshire,United Kingdom

Hantaviruses are an established cause of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Europe. Following a confirmed case of HFRS in the UK, in an individual residing on a farm in North Yorkshire and the Humber, a tidal estuary on the east coast of Northern England, and the subsequent isolation of a Seoul hantavirus from rats trapped on the patient’s farm, it was considered appropriate to further investigate the public health risk of this virus in the region. Of a total 119 individuals tested, nine (7.6%) were seropositive for hantavirus antibodies. Seven of the seropositive samples showed a stronger reaction to Seoul and Hantaan compared to other clinically relevant hantaviruses. Observation of rodents during the day, in particular mice, was associated with a reduced risk of seropositivity. In addition to one region known to be at risk following an acute case, five further potential risk areas have been identified. This study supports recently published evidence that hantaviruses are likely to be of public health interest in the region.     

北京昌平鼠间汉坦病毒感染时间动态变化的调查

目的 了解鼠类自然感染汉坦病毒（HV）时间动态变化。方法 选取北京昌平南口镇某部驻地，从2002年8月至2004年5月采用夹夜法捕获鼠形动物。针对汉坦病毒M基因部分片段设计SEOV和HTNV型特异性引物，应用RT-PCR法检测宿主肺组织中携带HV-RNA及其型别情况；应用ELISA法和IFAT接IFAT检测IgG抗体。利用SPSS软件分析宿主动物HV感染的时间动态特征。结果 共捕获啮齿动物296只，平均感染率11％。整个调查周期总体宿主种群密度波动不大，局部小生境（养殖场）种群波动明显。优势宿主褐家鼠平均种群密度与其感染率变化之间具相关性（r=0．594，P=0．023），养殖场褐家鼠密度与HV感染率之间相关性极显著（r=0．746。P=0．008）。褐家鼠性比和阳性率变化之间不具统计学意义相关性（r=0．541，P=0．086）。成幼比和阳性率变化之间则具显著相关性（r=0．697,P=0．046）。结论 北京昌平鼠间汉坦病毒感染长期持续存在，其感染率与种群密度随时问呈现动态变化，两者之间具有相关性，并因生境而异。优势宿主种群结构特征及其动态变化与HV感染也存在较为复杂的关系。     

湖南省肾综合征出血热监测研究

目的 了解2002-2005年湖南省肾综合征出血热流行特征和流行趋势,以制定针对性防制措施.方法 采用描述流行病学研究方法进行疫情分析;在5个监测点,采集健康人群血清进行隐性感染率调查,以夹夜法在室内外捕获小兽,以免疫荧光法(DFA、IFA)和酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测汉坦病毒(HV)抗原、抗体,并用单克隆抗体分型;对实验大鼠进行质量监测,对疑似病例进行动态IgM、IgG抗体检测.结果 全省2002-2005年发病呈下降趋势,主要发病在11月至次年1月,低峰处于8～9月,高发区为湘潭市、长沙市、邵阳市、怀化市和益阳市;青壮年男性农民为主要发病者,男女发病率之比为2.05:1,临床疑似病例实验室确诊率为26.84%;兽间疫情调查表明,总鼠密度为3.4%,室外为3.31%,室内为3.59%,黑线姬鼠是野外的优势宿主,褐家鼠是室内的优势宿主,监测点间捕获率、带毒率差异有统计学意义,其中黑线姬鼠主要携带Ⅰ型汉坦病毒,褐家鼠主要携带Ⅱ型汉坦病毒;健康人群的隐性感染率为5.88%;实验大鼠HV抗体阳性率为1.72%.结论 湖南省为混合型的肾综合征出血热疫区,为有效控制肾综合征出血热应加强监测和预防措施,加强灭鼠和预防接种.