我国腹泻病患者和家畜家禽粪便标本中携带小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌HPI毒力岛的大肠杆菌的调查

目的　了解携带小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌HPI毒力岛的大肠杆菌在我国腹泻病患者粪便标本、动物粪便标本及部分食品标本中的存在情况和所致腹泻病的临床特征。方法　使用菌落原位杂交、DNA打点杂交和PCR扩增等方法。结果　在各地送检的从腹泻病患者粪便标本中分离到的、用常规方法不能鉴定的大肠杆菌中 ,均检出带有小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌HPI毒力岛的大肠杆菌菌株 ,检出率为 2 7.0 5 % (436 / 16 12 )。从市售食品标本中分离的大肠杆菌中 ,携带小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌HPI毒力岛的大肠杆菌的检出率为 10 .2 3% (9/ 88)。从家畜家禽粪便中分离的大肠杆菌中 ,携带小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌HPI毒力岛的大肠杆菌检出率为 5 .71% (16 / 2 80 )。携带小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌HPI毒力岛的大肠杆菌所致腹泻的典型临床表现为食欲不振、腹痛、寒战乏力、正常体温或低热、每日腹泻多在 6次以上、多为粘液便。结论　携带小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌HPI毒力岛的大肠杆菌在我国分布广泛 ,检出率高于其他几类致泻性大肠杆菌 ,对我国人民的健康是一个潜在的威胁     

Early-onsetPseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis andYersinia enterocolitica neonatal infection: a unique combination in a preterm infant

The purpose of this communication is to report the occurrence of early-onsetPseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis andYersinia enterocolitica neonatal infection. This case serves as a reminder of the changing spectrum of neonatal septicaemia.     

Relationships between β-lactamase production and β-lactam susceptibility of environmental strains of Yersinia kristensenii

Strains of Yersinia kristensenii display high susceptibility to carbenicillin (MIC₉₀ < μg/ml) in comparison with the majority of environmental strains of Yersinia closely related to Y. enterocolitica which are resistant to this antibiotic (MIC₉₀ > 256 μg/ml). β-lactamases of 39 strains of Y. kristensenii isolated from foods were analysed by isoelectric focusing and gel electrophoresis of ultrasonically disrupted uninduced cultures. β-lactamase patterns showed the presence of only one of three classes of enzymes of pI 6.7, 7.6 and 8.2, respectively, by strain. One β-lactamase showed electrophoretic mobility different (EM + 2.0 cm/h) from that of all the other enzymes (EM + 1.6 cm/h) belonging to the class of pI 7.6. Induction by cefoxitin revealed the existence of inducible β-lactamases in two out of eight selected strains. The substrate profile of these enzymes, which are probably chromosomally mediated, showed a predominant cephalosporinase activity. None of the type A and B β-lactamases described by Cornelis and Abraham in Y. enterocolitica were found in any of the strains examined. The lack of β-lactamase A (a penicillinase) accounts for the carbenicillin susceptibility of Y. kristensenii strains.     

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis septicemia and HIV

Two cases of community-acquired septicemia caused by serotype-O1 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis were diagnosed in middle-aged, HIV-positive, immunodeficient patients during an 8-month period. Bacterial isolates were genetically indistinguishable, but no epidemiologic link between the 2 patients was established. HIV-related immunosuppression should be regarded as a risk factor for Y. pseudotuberculosis septicemia.     

Population structure of pathogenic bacteria revisited

This minireview summarizes the historical development of bacterial population genetic concepts since the early 1980s. Initially multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was used to determine population structures but this technique is poorly portable between laboratories and was replaced in 1998 by multilocus sequence typing. Diverse population structures exist in different bacterial species. Two distinctive structures are described in greater detail. "Young" organisms, such as Yersinia pestis, have evolved or undergone a severe bottleneck in recent millennia and have not yet accumulated much sequence diversity. "genoclouds" in subgroup III Neisseria meningitidis arise because of the accumulation of diversity due to herd immunity, which is then purified during subsequent epidemic spread.     

The history of the plague and the research on the causative agent Yersinia pestis

The plague is an infectious bacterial disease having a high fatality rate without treatment. It has occurred in three huge pandemics since the 6th century with millions of deaths and numerous smaller epidemics and sporadic cases. Referring to specific clinical symptoms of pulmonary plague the disease became known as the Black Death. This pandemic probably originated in central Asia and began spreading westward along major trade routes. Upon the arrival in the eastern Mediterranean the disease quickly spread especially by sea traffic to Italy, Greece and France and later throughout Europe by land. Until the 18th century many European cities were frequently affected by other great plague epidemics. The worldwide spread of the third pandemic began when the plague reached Hong Kong and Canton in the year 1894. The gram-negative coccobacillus now designated as Yersinia pestis has been discovered as the causative agent of plague in this Hong Kong outbreak. In the following years the role of rats and fleas and their detailed role in the transmission of plague has been discovered and experimentally verified. Today the plague is still endemic in many countries of the world.     

产毒性大肠杆菌（ETEC）中毒力岛分布的研究

目的 了解小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌强毒力岛在产毒性大肠杆菌中的分布,以便于进一步深入研究毒力岛在大肠杆菌中的结构的完整性和功能。方法 PCR扩增和原位杂交及基因序列分析,结果 在检测的93株产毒性大肠杆菌（ETEC）的毒力岛的检出率为32.25%(32/93),而且这些阳性菌株中的毒力岛大部分连接到asntRNA(天门冬氨酸tRNA0位点。结论 产毒性大肠杆菌是致病性较强的病原菌之一,而小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌强毒力岛在产毒性大肠杆菌中阳性率较高的分布。对于进一步研究产毒性大肠杆菌的毒力的变化和毒力的调控以及细菌毒力的进化具有重要意义。     

Microsphere translocation and immunopotentiation in systemic tissues following intranasal administration

With a view to developing improved mucosal immunisation strategies, we have quantitatively investigated the uptake of fluorescent polystyrene carboxylate microspheres (1.1 μm diameter), using histology and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, following intranasal delivery to BALB/c mice. To qualify these biodistribution data, antigen specific memory and effector responses in the spleens of mice immunised nasally with Yersinia pestis V antigen loaded poly(lactide) (PLA) microspheres (1.5 μm diameter) were assessed at 4, 7 and 11 days. Irrespective of administration vehicle volume (10 or 50 μl), appreciable numbers of fluorescent microspheres were detected within nasal associated lymphoid tissues (NALT) and draining cervical lymph nodes. Nasal administration of the particles suspended in 50 μl volumes of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) served to deposit the fluorescent microspheres throughout the respiratory tract (P<0.05). In these animals, appreciable particle uptake into the mediastinal lymph node was noted (P<0.05). Also, spleens removed from mice 10 days after fluorescent particle application contained significantly more microspheres if the suspension had been nasally instilled using a 50 μl volume (P<0.05). Appreciable memory (and effector from day 7) responses were detected in mediastinal lymph nodes removed from mice immunised nasally with 50 μl volumes of microparticulated or soluble V antigen. Immunological responses in splenic tissue removed 7 days after intranasal immunisation corroborated the thesis that the spleen can act as an inductive site following bronchopulmonary deposition of particulated antigen: upon exposure to V in vitro, splenic T-cells from mice nasally immunised with 50 μl volumes of microspheres incorporated statistically greater (P<0.05) quantities of [³H]thymidine into newly synthesised DNA than did T-cells from cohorts nasally immunised with 50 μl volumes of V in solution. Similarly, significant numbers of anti-V IgG secreting cells were only detected in spleens from mice immunised intramuscularly or nasally with microparticles. These immunological and biodistribution data support the tenet that, following an appropriate method of mucosal delivery, microparticles can translocate to tissues in the systemic compartment of the immune system and thence provoke immunological reactions therein.