Food away from home and body mass outcomes: Taking heterogeneity into account enhances quality of results

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to explore the heterogeneous association of consumption of food away from home (FAFH) with individual body mass outcomes including body mass index and waist circumference over the entire conditional distribution of each outcome.MethodsInformation on 16 403 adults obtained from nationally representative data on nutrition and behavior in Korea was used. A quantile regression model captured the variability of the association of FAFH with body mass outcomes across the entire conditional distribution of each outcome measure. Heavy FAFH consumption was defined as obtaining ≥1400 kcal from FAFH on a single day.ResultsHeavy FAFH consumption, specifically at full-service restaurants, was significantly associated with higher body mass index (+0.46 kg/m² at the 50th quantile, 0.55 at the 75th, 0.66 at the 90th, and 0.44 at the 95th) and waist circumference (+0.96 cm at the 25th quantile, 1.06 cm at the 50th, 1.35 cm at the 75th, and 0.96 cm at the 90th quantiles) with overall larger associations at higher quantiles. Findings of the study indicate that conventional regression methods may mask important heterogeneity in the association between heavy FAFH consumption and body mass outcomes.ConclusionFurther public health efforts are needed to improve the nutritional quality of affordable FAFH choices and nutrition education and to establish a healthy food consumption environment.     

Relationship between pediatric adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in Saudi children and adolescents

BackgroundThe etiology of childhood obesity is growing at alarming rates in developed and developing countries. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia) in a sample of Saudi children and to assess their association with different measures of body adiposity.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted of 200 Saudi children, who were randomly selected from the pediatric clinics at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Anthropometric variables were measured for all study subjects. Fasting blood samples were collected for measurement of blood glucose, insulin, and lipid profile.ResultsAlmost half of the study population was overweight and one tenth was obese according to body mass index levels, irrespective of sex. The prevalence of central obesity was higher using the waist-height ratio as opposed to waist circumference and this was true for both sexes. Significantly higher means levels of glucose, insulin, and lipids (P < 0.0001 in all) were seen among overweight and obese children than their lean counterparts. All obesity measures in children were significantly associated with cardiovascular risk factors.ConclusionThe severity of overall and abdominal obesity in Saudi children is associated with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, with the relationship strength varying by sex.     

Evidence of inappropriate cardiovascular risk assessment in middle-age women based on recommended cut-points for waist circumference

Background and aimsDiverse waist circumference thresholds for assessment of metabolic and cardiovascular risk in Caucasians are recommended by different health professional organizations. We aimed to determine optimal sex-specific thresholds for anthropometric measures showing the strongest association with cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of middle-aged Germans.Methods and resultsStatistical analyses are based on data from 426 mothers and 267 fathers of participants of the Ulm Birth Cohort Study undergoing a clinical follow-up examination in 2008 (median age 41 years) using logistic regression analyses. The prevalence of many cardiometabolic risk factors was significantly higher in men than in women; hypertension: 45%/17% (p < 0.0001), apolipoprotein ratio B/A1 > 0.72: 35%/9% (<0.0001), hyperglycemia: 11%/14% (p = 0.3), which is in contrast to the predicted cardiovascular risk of 52%/70% and 24%/36% based on thresholds for waist circumference proposed by International Diabetes Federation and American Heart Association, respectively. We determined optimal thresholds for waist circumference between 90 and 95 cm for men and women. Using a threshold of 92 cm the prevalence of abdominal obesity was 59% in men and 24% in women, which was in agreement with the higher prevalence of overweight and obesity in men than in women (Body Mass Index (BMI) > 25: 64%/35%). The prediction of cardiometabolic risk factors by waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio did not outperform the prediction by BMI. In contrast to BMI, waist circumference was correlated with body height independent of sex.ConclusionCurrently proposed thresholds for waist circumference spuriously overestimate the cardiovascular risk in women, but not in men in a German population.     

溧阳市社区诊断人群体重、腰围自报数据准确性分析

目的了解溧阳市居民自身体重、腰围的知晓现状,以及自报数据的准确性及影响因素。方法采取多阶段整群、随机、系统抽样方法,抽取的家庭中调查年龄≥18岁居民,比较分析体重、腰围的自报值与实测值。结果调查8 882人,人群体重知晓率为88.67%,腰围知晓率为76.78%;体重自报值平均偏低(0.30±4.25)kg,且不同性别、年龄的自报值均低于实测值;腰围自报值平均偏高(0.10±5.62)cm;体重、腰围自报值准确率分别为64.40%、55.65%,年龄、文化程度、职业、身质指数与体重、腰围自报准确性均有关联(P值均0.05)。结论应进一步加强对老年、退休在家、低文化程度、身体质量指数异常群体的健康宣教,增强居民自身健康指标的掌握程度。     

Association between a deletion/insertion polymorphism in the α2B-adrenergic receptor gene and insulin secretion and Type 2 diabetes. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study

Aims/hypothesis Impaired insulin secretion has a strong genetic component. In this study we investigated whether the 12Glu9 polymorphism in the gene encoding the 2B-adrenergic receptor (ADRA2B) is associated with insulin secretion and/or the incidence of Type 2 diabetes in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance.Methods We investigated a total of 506 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance participating in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS). Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group or a control group. Anthropometric measurements and an oral glucose tolerance test were performed at baseline and at annual follow-up. In a subgroup of patients (n=83), a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT) was performed at baseline.Results All patients had similar anthropometric measurements and insulin and glucose levels at baseline. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed significant interaction (p=0.003) between study group and genotype across the entire study population. In the control group, subjects with the Glu9 allele had an increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes compared with subjects with the Glu12/12 genotype (odds ratio [OR]=2.68, 95% CI 1.02–7.09, p=0.047 for Glu12/12, and OR=5.17, 95% CI 1.76–15.21, p=0.003 for Glu9/9). This increased risk was not observed in the intervention group, who showed significant weight loss during the trial. In the subgroup who underwent the FSIGT, subjects with the Glu9/9 genotype showed the lowest acute insulin response (p=0.005 for trend).Conclusions/interpretation The 12Glu9 polymorphism of ADRA2B is associated with impaired first-phase insulin secretion and may predict the development of Type 2 diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance who are not subjected to a lifestyle intervention.Abbreviations AIR acute insulin response - AR adrenergic receptor - BMR basal metabolic rate - DI disposition index - DPS the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study - FSIGT frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test - OR odds ratio - S_G glucose effectiveness - S_I insulin sensitivity index     

Comparison of a Mediterranean to a low-fat diet intervention in adults with type 1 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: A 6–month randomized trial

Background and aims

The metabolic syndrome (MS) is an emerging complication in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), with no preventive or therapeutic treatment reported yet. We wanted to compare the impact of two 6-month nutritional interventions, based on a Mediterranean (MED) or a low-fat diet, on waist circumference, anthropometric and metabolic outcomes in patients with both T1D and the MS.

Waist circumference,waist-hip ratio,body mass index,and prostate cancer risk: Results from the North-American case-control study Prostate Cancer & Environment Study

IntroductionThe evidence on the association between anthropometric measures quantifying body fatness and prostate cancer (PCa) risk is not entirely consistent. Associations among waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio, body mass index (BMI), and PCa risk were assessed in a population-based case-control study.Patients and methodsThe study included 1933 incident PCa cases diagnosed between 2005 and 2009. Population controls were 1994 age-matched (±5 y) Montreal residents selected from electoral lists. Information on sociodemographics, medical history including PCa screening, height, weight, and waist and hip circumferences was collected through interviews. Logistic regression was used to assess odds ratios (ORs) for the association between anthropometric measures, and overall and grade-specific PCa.ResultsAfter adjustment for BMI, an excess risk of high-grade PCa (Gleason≥7) was associated with a WC ≥102 cm (OR = 1.47 [1.22–1.78]) and with a waist-hip ratio >1.0 (OR = 1.20 [1.01–1.43]). Men with a BMI≥30 kg/m² had a lower risk of PCa, regardless of grade. Restricting to subjects recently screened for PCa did not alter findings.ConclusionElevated BMI was associated with a lower risk of PCa, regardless of grade. Contrastingly, abdominal obesity, when adjusted for BMI, yielded results in the opposite direction. Taken together, our observations suggest that the specific body fat distribution (abdominal), for a given BMI, is a predictor of PCa risk, whereas BMI alone is not. BMI and abdominal obesity, especially when measured by the WC, should be examined conjointly in future studies on this issue and may require consideration at patient counseling.     

Body mass index,waist circumference,body fat mass,and risk of developing hypertension in normal-weight children and adolescents

Background and aims

We prospectively examined the association between three adiposity indices, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and percentage of body fat (PBF), and risk of hypertension in normal-weight Chinese children.

地佐辛复合硫酸镁治疗腰硬联合麻醉中寒颤反应的观察

目的：观察地佐辛复合硫酸镁在治疗腰硬联合麻醉中寒颤反应的效果。方法以发生寒颤反应的60例患者随机分组以实验组（地佐辛复合硫酸镁）与常规治疗对照组（曲马多复合氟哌利多）进行疗效比较。结果实验组与对照组疗效接近,但不良反应较少。结论佐辛复合小剂量硫酸镁可安全用于治疗腰硬联合麻醉后患者发生寒颤且具有镇静作用较好、恶心、呕吐发生率较低等优点。