An overview of hospital accreditation in Taiwan, Republic of China

This paper examines the hospital accreditation system in Taiwan, Republic of China. The paper describes the historical evolution of accreditation; preliminary teaching hospital accreditation; hospital and teaching hospital accreditation; issues and problems; and perspectives and challenges.     

Occupational transmission of HIV in health care workers: A review

Health care workers have a small but real risk of acquiringHIV infection as a result of occupational exposure. In thispaper, we review all reports in the scientific literature from1984 through to December 1993 of confirmed and probable casesof HIV seroconversion after a specific occupational exposure.A total of 64 confirmed cases have been reported, 24 in Europe,36 in the USA and 4 in other countries. Most seroconversionshave resulted from percutaneous exposure (91%) to AIDS patients(62%), usually caused by hollow bore needlestick injuries inflictedduring blood drawing procedures. Almost all seroconversionshave been detected within 6 months of exposure (94%) and haveusually been preceded by an episode of acute illness (73%).Ten seroconversions have occurred in spite of partial or completecourses of zidovudine prophylaxis. An additional 113 probablecases have been reported, 75 in the USA, 35 in Europe and 3in other countries. Aggregating the results of the prospectivestudies carried out, it is calculated that the risk of seroconversionfollowing percutaneous exposure is 0.33% or 3 in 1000 exposures(95% Cl: 0.21–0.52%), while the risk following mucocutaneousexposure is much lower (0.04%, 95% Cl: 0.006–0.31%). Thedocumented failure of zidovudine prophylaxis following occupationalexposure in a number of instances indicate its effect is, atbest, only partial; furthermore, exposure to source patientswho have been receiving the drug may lead to transmission ofzidovudine-resistant strains of HIV. Risk factors for occupationalexposure to HIV and for transmission, given that an exposurehas occurred, are discussed.     

Defining harm reduction

Harm reduction attempts to reduce the adverse consequences of drug use among persons who continue to use drugs. It developed in response to the excesses of a “zero tolerance approach”. Harm reduction emphasizes practical rather than idealized goals. It has been expanded from illicit drugs to legal drugs and is grounded in the evolving public health and advocacy movements. Harm reduction has proved to be effective and it has gained increasing official acceptance; for example, it is now the basis of Canada's Drug Strategy. However, the concept is still poorly defined, as virtually any drug policy or programme, even abstinence-oriented programmes, attempt to reduce drug-related harm. The principle feature of harm reduction is the acceptance of the fact that some drug users cannot be expected to cease their drug use at the present time. Harm reduction is neutral about the long term goals of intervention while according a high priority to short-term realizable goals. Harm reduction should be neutral about legalization. The essence of the concept is to ameliorate adverse consequences of drug use while, at least in the short term, drug use continues.     

Natural helping functions of lay health advisors in breast cancer education

Summary The Save Our Sisters Project builds on the roles of 95 natural helpers to increase mammography screening among older African American women in a NC county. Natural helpers are lay people to whom others naturally turn for advice, emotional support, and tangible aid. Findings from 14 focus group interviews showed that older women seek out these individuals when they have a female-specific concern, rather than or before seeking help from professionals. The characteristics of natural helpers, revealed in the findings, were used to identify and recruit them to become trained lay health advisors in breast cancer education. Through the SOS Project, natural helpers provide a community-based system of care and social support that complements the more specialized role of health professionals; linking them to women through places and ways that no health professional could begin to acquire. The three roles of lay health advisors are: (1) to assist individuals in their social networks with needs that are difficult for professionals to address; (2) to negotiate with professionals for support from the health system; and (3) to mobilize the resources of associations in their community to sustain support from the health system.     

论医疗保险监督管理

医疗保险监督管理对医疗机构规范医疗行为,维护参保职工合法权益,控制医疗费用过快增长,促进卫生事业发展起着积极的作用。本文根据上海市医疗保险监督管理工作的实践,就医疗保险监督管理的基本功能、基本思路、难点等进行了探讨,并提出了建立医疗保险法律体系等建议。     

陕西省眉县健康教育干预5岁以下儿童腹泻效果评价

为了探讨适合我国农村社区的健康教育方法,陕西省眉县被确定为西北地区的试点。本文运用格林模式,采取健康教育、改水、改厕三位一体方法,通过２年的健康教育综合性干预,实验乡５岁以下儿童腹泻发病率较对照乡及干预前均有明显下降,儿童母亲防治儿童腹泻的知、信、行水平也显著提高（Ｐ＜００１）,进一步证实综合干预在农村社区健康教育中运用的可行性。同时,初步探索出了一些适合我国农村社区的健康教育实施经验。     

劳教吸毒人员HIV感染状况调查及有关行为因素研究

1997年 3～ 4月 ,对四川省 6所劳教所中劳教吸毒人员 164 9名调查结果表明 ,HIV抗体阳性率为 1 9%。HIV感染主要分布于 <2 0岁年龄组、文盲和农民。吸毒者中注射吸毒率为 4 8 8% ,仅使用静脉注射吸毒者HIV检出率最高 ( 5 3 % ) ,其次为既口吸又注射者 (阳性率 3 15 % )。使用毒品的原因依次为好奇占 86 4 %、引诱占8 1%、误吸 5 1%和强迫 0 5 %。使用毒品的方式与年龄、职业和收入水平有关 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而与文化程度无关。本研究首次在四川省劳教吸毒人员这一特殊人群中开展大规模HIV感染和吸毒行为调查 ,其结果对制定对该类人群的健康教育、医疗服务和管理策略将提供依据。     

列车乘务员SCL—90评定结果分析

采用ＳＣＬ—９０症状自评量表对某铁路分局４６７名列车乘务员的心理卫生状况进行了分析。结果显示总均分、阳性症状均分、阳性项目数、九组症候群因子分、达到或超过中等严重程度的发生频数均显著高于对照组。经多元逐步回归分析,仅细菌总数和二氧化碳对列车乘务员心理卫生状况有一定影响,其原因多与工作环境的不良因素和工作性质有关。     

河南省乡镇卫生院人力资源配置研究

该文在对河南省卫生院人力资源现状调查研究的基础上,分析了乡镇卫生院人力资源配置中存在的主要问题及成困,并从理论与实际相结合的角度,提出了实现卫生院人力资源合理配置的可行性对策。