Adenoma Detection Rate and Clinical Characteristics Influence Advanced Neoplasia Risk After Colorectal Polypectomy

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Does prefrontal connectivity during task switching help or hinder children’s performance?

The ability to flexibly switch between tasks is key for goal-directed behavior and continues to improve across childhood. Children’s task switching difficulties are thought to reflect less efficient engagement of sustained and transient control processes, resulting in lower performance on blocks that intermix tasks (sustained demand) and trials that require a task switch (transient demand). Sustained and transient control processes are associated with frontoparietal regions, which develop throughout childhood and may contribute to task switching development. We examined age differences in the modulation of frontoparietal regions by sustained and transient control demands in children (8–11 years) and adults. Children showed greater performance costs than adults, especially under sustained demand, along with less upregulation of sustained and transient control activation in frontoparietal regions. Compared to adults, children showed increased connectivity between the inferior frontal junction (IFJ) and lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) from single to mixed blocks. For children whose sustained activation was less adult-like, increased IFJ-lPFC connectivity was associated with better performance. Children with more adult-like sustained activation showed the inverse effect. These results suggest that individual differences in task switching in later childhood at least partly depend on the recruitment of frontoparietal regions in an adult-like manner.     

中国“失智症防治行动”任务清单的建议:基于WHO全球行动视角

失智症作为重大公共卫生问题引起了全球的广泛关注,早期识别认知功能障碍的高危人群和针对风险因素进行干预,有助于预防失智症和延缓疾病进展。中国老年失智症患者数量的快速增长给防治体系、健康促进、社会支持及研究创新等工作带来挑战,制定“失智症防治行动”任务清单具有必要性,但目前仍处于探索阶段。本文结合WHO发起的“2017—2025年失智症公共卫生应对全球行动计划”,从WHO全球行动视角,结合中国政策及实践现状,从失智症防治风险因素干预、“以人为本”的照护、社会支持、信息系统建设、创新研究与科技转化等方面提出中国“失智症防治行动”任务清单,将中国当前的失智症防治重点及现实资源结合起来,以供相关失智症防治决策及实践参考。     

Interoceptive awareness moderates neural activity during decision-making

The current study examined the relationship between conscious perception of somatic feedback (interoceptive awareness) and neural responses preceding decision-making. Previous research has suggested that decision-making is influenced by body signals from the periphery or the central representation of the periphery. Using event-related fMRI, participants whose interoceptive awareness was assessed using a heartbeat perception paradigm performed the Iowa Gambling Task. The results show a positive relationship between the degree of interoceptive awareness and selection related activity in the right anterior insula and the left postcentral gyrus. Neural activity within the right anterior insula was associated with decision-making performance only in individuals with accurate but not in those with non-accurate interoceptive awareness. These findings support the role of somatic feedback in decision-making processes. They indicate that the right anterior insula holds a representation of somatic markers and that these are more strongly processed with increased interoceptive awareness.