我国丙型和戊型肝炎人群流行病学调查及流行因素的研究

为阐明丙型和戊型肝炎在我国的流行严重度和流行规律，采用描述流行病学、血清流行病学和分子流行病学相结合的研究方法，对两型肝炎的流行特征和流行因素进行了研究。结果发现；一般人群调查近９万人丙型肝炎和戊型肝炎的流行率各为２．２％和９．７％，散 生病毒性肝炎感染比率各为２．１５％和１６．４％。丙型肝炎在我国主要经血传播，与血液接触密切人群中ＨＣＶ感染率高达５０－７０％，慢性化比比例高达４０－６０％，目前供     

人工全髋表面置换技术的历史与现状

作为全髋置换术(THR)的一种替代技术,全髋表面置换术(THSR)通过保留股骨头、颈骨块而恢复髋关节正常的生物力学特性及关节的稳定性,并由于未破坏股骨髓腔结构而具有易翻修的潜力。在其发展长达半个多世纪的三个技术时期中,通过不断积累经验,使得假体系统在材料、设计及固定方法等技术参数方面获得长足改进。但仍存在尚待解决的问题。新一代金-金全髋表面假体系统的问世是髋关节置换术的一个重要历程碑,在不到10年的临床随访中其早期疗效非常满意,但中、长期疗效尚不确定,需待与其它方法作进一步长期的、随机化对照性研究。     

0～5岁儿童睡眠时间流行病学调查

目的:了解成都市0～5岁儿童不同年龄阶段的睡眠时间及其影响因素。方法:采用随机抽样的方法抽取成都市2个城区1276例儿童,对其家长或看护人进行睡眠状况的问卷调查。结果:成都市0～5岁儿童白天睡眠时间和总的睡眠时间随年龄增加逐渐减少,不同性别间睡眠时间无显著差别;影响睡眠时间的主要因素有儿童年龄、喂养方式、入睡方式以及母亲年龄和睡眠总时间等。结论:目前成都市小年龄阶段儿童睡眠时间较少,需引起重视;对儿童睡眠时间影响较大的主要是社会环境因素,从小培养良好的睡眠习惯和良好的睡眠环境是保证儿童充足睡眠的重要前提。     

Development and reproducibility of a tool to assess school food-purchasing practices and lifestyle habits of Australian primary school-aged children

Objective: To describe the development and reproducibility of a self‐report instrument, for use with children in years 4–6, to identify sources of food eaten during the day, and type and frequency of food purchases at school. Design: Tool development stages included formulation of content and format, expert review, piloting and a test–retest study. Subjects/setting: The pilot study included school students (n = 20) in years 4 and 5 (seven girls, mean age 9.7 ± 0.7 years) attending an Australian public primary school. The test–retest study was performed in a large metropolitan public primary school (n = 245 children, 52% female, mean age 10.7 ± 0.91 years) including children from years 4 (n = 88), 5 (n = 84) and 6 (n = 73). Statistical analysis: A Kappa statistic was used to assess level of agreement between the two time periods separated by 1 week. The results were analysed using SAS version 8.2 with each question compared at time 1 and 2. Results: The mean kappa was 0.529 using pairings from 17 questions. Values ranged from 0.18 to 0.71 (CI 0.46–0.60). Conclusions and applications: The School Eating Habits and Lifestyle Survey has been developed and pilot‐tested in primary school‐aged children and shown to have moderate stability over time. The results show that each phase of development, particularly those spent in consultation and testing, led to progressive improvement of this instrument. This process improved the quality of information produced and gave insights to self‐report of dietary intake and behaviours among children.     

卵巢浆液性肿瘤几种形态测量指标的比较

应用体视学方法对卵巢浆液性肿瘤进行研究，从定量的角度对卵巢良性、交界性及恶性肿瘤的五项指标进行比较，包括（１）细胞核长短轴之比；（２）结缔组织间质与上皮细胞体积密度之比；（３）细胞核与细胞浆体积密度之比（核浆比）；（４）细胞核平均直径；（５）乳头的上皮厚度。结果表明恶性肿瘤核浆体积密度比明显高于交界性及良性肿瘤（ｐ＜０．０１）；恶性肿瘤结缔组织间质与上皮细胞体积密度之比明显小于交界性及良性肿瘤（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

Reproducibility and validity of a food frequency questionnaire in European and polynesian New Zealanders

The reproducibility and validity of a self‐administered 142‐item food‐frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was assessed in a population comprising 124 European and 52 Polynesian (17 Maori and 35 Pacific Island) New Zealanders aged 40–65 years. Reproducibility correlation coefficients, determined by administration of the same questionnaire on two occasions 3 years apart, were higher in European than Maori and Pacific Island. participants, ranging from 0.47 to 0.87 in Europeans (median 0.66) and from 0.41 to 0.79 in Maori and Pacific Island people (median 0.44). In general, there were no significant differences in mean nutrient intakes calculated from the two FFQs by Europeans or Maori and Pacific Island participants despite their cultural and language differences. When the FFQ was compared with a 3‐day food diary in a sub sample of 101 Europeans, 15 Maori and 22 Pacific Islanders, the validity was good for most nutrients, with overestimation of a few nutrients in each ethnic group. Correlation coefficients between the 3‐day food diary and FFQ ranged from 0.41 to 0.81 in Europeans (median 0.48) and from 0.36 to 0.56 in Maori and Pacific Island people (median 0.55). Ratios of energy intake to resting metabolic rate suggested that Maori and Pacific Island people were more likely to underestimate their habitual energy intake by the 3‐day diet diary method compared to Europeans, but that Europeans were more likely to underestimate total energy intake by the food frequency method and Pacific Island participants to overestimate it. Obese Europeans and Maori were more likely to under‐report dietary intakes by the 3‐day diary method. We conclude that our FFQ performed better in European than Maori and Pacific Island participants.     

AIDS: Awareness and blood handling practices of health care workers in Lagos,Nigeria

A questionnaire survey of 260 health care workers from 13 randomly selected health care facilities was undertaken. Their knowledge, attitude, belief and blood handling practices regarding HIV/AIDS were enquired about. Virtually all (99.0%) respondents had heard about AIDS but only 57.0% had seen an AIDS patient before. Although 83.0% knew that AIDS is caused by a virus, a high proportion still confuses mode of transmission with causative agent. Deficient knowledge was exhibited when asked about groups of people who were at a higher risk of contracting HIV and AIDS: Only 54.6% and 51.5% identified homosexuals and IV drug users as being at a higher risk. Almost all (97.0%) of our respondents claimed to have been more careful in their blood handling practices since the emergence of AIDS, 68.5% wore gloves for all procedures involving handling of blood and 28.5% sometimes although as many as 30.4%, 40.4% and 18.1% do not wear gloves for cleaning up blood stained materials, nursing procedures and taking obstetric delivery respectively. It was evident from their responses that not all the health workers knew the correct method for disposing of used bloodstained instruments and left-over blood samples and neither were they all adhering to the safety guidelines recommended for handling these materials. Education of all health care workers in Nigeria on the Universal Precautions Guidelines issued by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in 1987 regarding blood, body fluids and contaminated instruments' handling precautions is urgently recommended.     

The'Lightspeed'preparation technique evaluated by Swiss clinicians after attending continuing education courses

This survey evaluated acceptance of the Lightspeed canal preparation (LS) technique by Swiss practitioners. The technique was introduced to Switzerland inJune 1994and 10 other continuing education (CE) courses were held at the Zurich Dental School by July 1995. Acceptance was assessed by posting questionnaires to the CE course attendees. Of the 305 questionnaires posted, 177 (58%) were returned. Of the CE participants 80% had used the technique with 60% finding the method easier and 43% finding it quicker than their usual preparation techniques. Of the respondents 58% used the technique on all tooth types and 76% of the LS users had fractured an instrument at least once. Amongst others, fractures were caused by too much pressure (25%), incorrect insertion angles (17%) and by a complicated root morphology (15%). Fractures occurred high up on the instrument shaft (74%) and near the tip (7%). Working lengths were claimed by 62% to be easier to maintain by LS than their usual preparation techniques. Among the respondents 52% obturated LS prepared canals more easily and quickly compared with their usual preparation techniques. Only 10% of LS users would not recommend the technique, but those who would suggested that proper tuition was necessary to minimize the risk of instrument fracture. The LS technique was positively assessed by clinicians who attended the CE courses in Switzerland where endodontics is not accepted as a speciality     

呼和浩特地区11070名中,小学生视力调查分析

本文共测试了１１０７０名呼和浩特市城区和在区中、小学生的视力。结果是：引起学生视力低下的主要原因为近视，且近视的检出率和重度近视随年龄增长而增加，特别是在１３～１８岁年龄组更为明显；近视检出率城区学生明显高于农区学生（μ＞２．５８，ｐ＜０．０１），但是，无论城区学生或农区学生，女生的检出率分别都明显高于男生（μ＞２．５８，Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

老年病人鼻饲营养调查

对11名69～83岁不能自然进食的男性鼻饲病人进行了全面的营养调查,平均每人每日热能摄取为1722kcal,而热能消耗在1300～1700kcal之间。蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化物每人每日平均摄入82.4、72.5、185.0g,分别占总产热量19.1、37.9、和43.0％。动物蛋白质和动物脂肪分别占总蛋白和总脂肪的71.9和69.3％,蛋白质量较优。脂肪总量虽不太高,但占总产热量偏大,碳水化物嫌少,而(?)(?)(?)投入939mg,摄入过多。钙、磷、铁摄入充裕,可满足需要。维生素A、核黄素也可满足需要,但硫胺素、尼克酸和抗坏血酸摄入量不足。这些都还需要改进。