帕立骨化醇治疗维持性血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的前瞻性研究

目的 观察帕立骨化醇治疗维持性血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT）的疗效及安全性.方法 选择我科血液净化中心进行维持性血液透析治疗的13例患者,血全段甲状旁腺素（intact parathyroid hormone,iPTH）≥33 pmol/L,血钙水平＜2.55 mmol/L,钙磷乘积＜65,根据iPTH水平使用帕立骨化醇1～18 μg治疗,于每次透析治疗后给药,共观察12周.分别于治疗前及治疗后第2、4、6、8、10、12周测定患者的iPTH、血钙、血磷水平.结果 13例患者的血清iPTH水平在治疗后第2、4周已开始下降,但与治疗前相比差异无统计学意义.从治疗后第6周开始,iPTH水平与治疗前相比存在统计学差异（P＜0.05）,治疗后第12周时下降至（46.68±38.06） pmol/L,与治疗前（78.30±52.13） pmol/L比较,有统计学差异（P＜0.01）.治疗后第2、4周血钙水平升高,与治疗前比较有统计学差异（P＜0.05）,其中治疗后第4周时血钙水平升高尤为显著（P＜0.01）.经调整帕立骨化醇剂量后,治疗后第6周患者的血钙水平逐渐恢复正常并保持稳定,血磷、钙磷乘积水平在治疗前、后均无明显统计学差异.治疗过程中,患者耐受性良好,无相关不良反应的发生.结论 使用帕立骨化醇治疗维持性血液透析患者SHPT是有效、安全的.     

Prevalence of marijuana use at college entry and risk factors for initiation during freshman year

Background

Marijuana is currently the most commonly used drug on college campuses. Marijuana use among college students is increasing, and many students begin using marijuana during college. The goal of this study was to investigate predictors of lifetime marijuana use at college entry and initiation during freshman year.

Methods

We used responses from the first two semesters of a longitudinal study of 3146 students from 11 colleges in North Carolina and Virginia. Random-effects logistic regression models were constructed to identify factors that predict lifetime marijuana use at college entry and initiation during freshman year.

Results

Nearly 30% of students reported ever having used marijuana at college entry. Among students who had never used marijuana prior to college, 8.5% initiated use during freshman year. In multivariable logistic regression models, having at least $100 per month in spending money; attending church rarely or never; current use of cigarettes, alcohol, and hookah tobacco; lifetime use of other illicit drugs; and a higher propensity toward sensation seeking were associated with a higher likelihood of having used marijuana at least once at college entry. Hispanic ethnicity, living on campus, and current use of cigarettes and alcohol were associated with a higher likelihood of initiating marijuana use during freshman year.

Conclusion

These results have implications for targeting substance abuse prevention programs on college campuses.     

Smoking and its risk factors in Chinese elementary and middle school students: A nationally representative sample study

Objective

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of smoking in a nationally representative sample of Chinese elementary and middle school students and to investigate its risk factors from families and schools.

Method

The data were from the National Children's Study of China (NCSC), in which 24,013 fourth- to ninth-grade students were recruited from 100 counties in 31 provinces in China. Chi-square tests and one-way ANOVAs were used to analyze the relationships between smoking and the risk factors. Logistic regressions were used to calculate odds ratios.

Results

The prevalence of ever smokers and current smokers were 19.0% and 5.4%. Focusing on current smokers, boys, middle school students, rural students, boarding students, non-only children and those owning parents with low educational levels reported smoking significantly more than girls, elementary school students, urban students, non-boarding students, only children and those owning parents with high educational levels. Lower trust and support from teachers and higher parent–child conflict positively predicted both smoking and smoking frequency. Lower trust and support from classmates was associated with higher possibility of smoking. However, higher trust and support from classmates was associated with higher smoking frequency. Teacher smoking and friend smoking were only predictive of smoking, but not of smoking frequency.

Conclusions

Boys, middle school students, rural students, boarding students, non-only children and those owning parents with low educational levels need special attention. The most risk factors for smoking and smoking frequency were lower trust and support from teachers and higher parent–child conflict.     

Optimization of secondary drying condition for desired residual water content in a lyophilized product using a novel simulation program for pharmaceutical lyophilization

The aim of this study was to optimize the shelf temperature and the drying time, mainly dependent on the residual water content of a lyophilized product using a novel simulation program for the secondary drying of lyophilization. The simulation program was developed based upon heat transfer formulas, two empirical formulas, and a modified Fick’s second law. When a preliminary lyophilization run of secondary drying was carried out, the equilibrium product temperature at the end of secondary drying under various shelf temperatures was accurately predicted by the heat transfer formulas. The apparent diffusion coefficient of water, D_eff, and the apparent equilibrium residual water content, W_e, under the predicted equilibrium product temperature were estimated by two empirical formulas. These estimated D_eff and W_e allow the modified Fick’s second law to predict the residual water content in the lyophilized product. Using the developed simulation program, it was verified that the secondary drying condition to achieve the desired residual water content in the lyophilized product was successfully predicted. Therefore, the simulation program can be used to effectively design the secondary drying condition of lyophilization cycles without a trial and error approach.     

中学生元认知与自我意识的相关研究

目的探讨中学生元认知与自我意识的关系。方法通过元认知问卷和自我意识量表对250名中学生进行调查研究。结果相关分析显示,元认知知识与内向性和外向性自我意识均呈显著正相关;元认知体验仅与内向性自我意识呈显著正相关。回归分析显示,元认知知识对内向性自我意识和外向性自我意识均具有显著的回归效应,元认知体验仅对内向性自我意识具有显著的回归效应。结论自我意识与元认知之间存在关联,元认知知识能够预测内、外向性自我意识,而元认知体验仅能够预测内向性自我意识。     

理工科研究生心理压力现状与应对方式分析

目的了解理工科研究生心理压力现状及其应对方式,为提高其心理健康水平提供理论依据。方法采取随机抽样方法抽取北京建筑大学2013年在校硕士研究生300人作为研究对象,回收有效问卷277份。运用《一般情况调查问卷》、《研究生心理压力问卷》和《简易应对方式量表》进行问卷调查。结果研究生心理压力源前3位的是担忧未来压力、论文要求压力和学习任务压力。不同年级研究生在消极应对上差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,人际关系差者更倾向于消极应对。在总压力、经济和相貌压力、人际孤单压力、环境和心境糟糕压力4个维度上,消极应对者感知到的压力更多。结论理工科研究生的心理压力主要来源于对未来、论文和学业的担忧,消极应对者感知的压力更大。     

长春市某高校学生急救知识现状调查

目的了解长春市某高校大学生急救知识现状,为规范、系统地开展高校大学生急救知识与技能培训提供参考。方法采用自设问卷,对长春市某高校1 239名大学生进行问卷调查。结果大学生急救知识的及格率为47.5%,不同性别、年级、有无急救知识培训经历的大学生急救知识的及格率差异具有统计学意义（χ^2值分别为4.295,7.894,168.032,P〈0.05）。不同性别和是否有急救培训经历的大学生对陌生人施救意愿率差异均有统计学意义（χ^2值分别为3.169和41.214,P〈0.05）。大学生急救知识来源主要为网络电视和书籍报刊,分别占85.3%和83.1%。96.0%的大学生愿意学习相关急救知识,希望的学习形式为开设急救知识课程、专家讲座和阅读急救手册,分别占83.3%,73.6%和71.2%。结论大学生急救知识普及率低,应加强对大学生普及急救知识与技能,以减轻伤害程度,降低死亡率。     

大学生错[牙合]畸形患病情况调查

目的调查大学生错[牙合]畸形的患病情况。方法以个别正常[牙合]和安氏分类法为标准,对1 428名高职大学生进行口腔检查,了解错[牙合]畸形的患病情况。结果大学生错[牙合]畸形患病率为35.71%,男生为39.08%,女生为33.77%,二者差异无统计学意义;错[牙合]畸形患者中以I类最多见;错[牙合]畸形以牙列拥挤、个别牙错位、深覆[牙合]最常见,患病率分别为38.63%,20.20%,13.53%。结论高职大学生错[牙合]畸形发病率较高,应早期加以防治。     

呼伦贝尔市城乡小学生龋齿患病情况调查及相关因素分析

目的了解呼伦贝尔市小学生龋齿患病情况及影响因素,为防治龋病提供科学依据。方法采取整群抽样方法,随机抽取1~5年级的小学生进行口腔龋齿检查,并对其口腔卫生、生活习惯等进行问卷调查。使用Epidata3.0软件录入问卷,SPSS18.0进行统计分析。结果 1 005名小学生的龋患率为22.4%,不同性别、地区、民族龋齿患病率无统计学差异(P0.5)。经分析,发现年级、刷牙次数、甜食摄入及是否挑食与患龋有着密切关系。结论应加大健康教育宣传力度,重视口腔卫生问题,养成良好的口腔卫生习惯,控制儿童龋齿患病率。     

初中生自我表露团体辅导效果评价

目的评价自我表露团体辅导对提高初中生自我表露的有效性,为提高初中生自我表露的水平和提升人际关系效能感提供依据。方法随机选取某初中二年级2个班共123人,实验组63人,对照组60人。对实验组进行自我表露团体辅导,为时8周,每周1次;对照组进行常规学习。2组学生在辅导前和辅导后分别完成中学生自我表露问卷和中学生人际交往效能感问卷调查。结果团体辅导后,实验组自我表露的内容和功能认识维度、人际交往效能感的信任感和主动性维度得分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;实验组干预前后在上述4个维度上的得分差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论自我表露团体辅导能有效提高初中生自我表露的水平和人际关系效能感,效果显著。