Early hominin diet included diverse terrestrial and aquatic animals 1.95 Ma in East Turkana,Kenya

The manufacture of stone tools and their use to access animal tissues by Pliocene hominins marks the origin of a key adaptation in human evolutionary history. Here we report an in situ archaeological assemblage from the Koobi Fora Formation in northern Kenya that provides a unique combination of faunal remains, some with direct evidence of butchery, and Oldowan artifacts, which are well dated to 1.95 Ma. This site provides the oldest in situ evidence that hominins, predating Homo erectus, enjoyed access to carcasses of terrestrial and aquatic animals that they butchered in a well-watered habitat. It also provides the earliest definitive evidence of the incorporation into the hominin diet of various aquatic animals including turtles, crocodiles, and fish, which are rich sources of specific nutrients needed in human brain growth. The evidence here shows that these critical brain-growth compounds were part of the diets of hominins before the appearance of Homo ergaster/erectus and could have played an important role in the evolution of larger brains in the early history of our lineage.     

浅谈美国《化学文摘》数据库的逻辑组配检索技巧

目的:为化学及医药工作者及时掌握最新的科技动态提供检索技巧。方法:介绍美国《化学文摘》光盘数据库(CAonCD)的4种基本检索方式,以实例详细论述其中几种经典的逻辑组配检索技巧。结果与结论:CAon CD具有方便、快捷、灵活、多样的逻辑组配检索特点,医药情报工作者应熟练应用并不断探索其检索技巧。     

Puumala hantavirus genetic variability in an endemic region (Northern Sweden)

Puumala hantavirus (PUUV), naturally harboured and shed by bank voles (Myodes [Clethrionomys] glareolus), is the etiological agent to nephropathia epidemica (NE), a mild haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Both host and virus are found throughout much of the European continent and in northern Sweden NE is the second most prevalent serious febrile viral infection after influenza. The reliability of diagnostics by PCR depends on genetic variability for the detection of viral nucleic acids in unknown samples. In the present study we evaluated the genetic variability of PUUV isolated from bank voles in an area of northern Sweden highly endemic for NE. Genetic variability among bank voles was also investigated to evaluate co-evolutionary patterns. We found that the viral sequence appeared stable across the 80km study region, with the exception of the southernmost sampling site, which differed from its nearest neighbour by 7%, despite a geographical separation of only 10km. The southernmost sampling site demonstrated a higher degree of genetic similarity to PUUV previously isolated 100km south thereof; two locations appear to constitute a separate PUUV phylogenetic branch. In contrast to the viral genome, no phylogenetic variance was observed in the bank vole mtDNA in this study. Previous studies have shown that as a result of terrestrial mammals' postglacial re-colonization routes, bank voles and associated PUUV of a southern and a northern lineage established a dichotomous contact zone across the Scandinavian peninsula approximately 100-150km south of the present study sites. Our observations reveal evolutionary divergence of PUUV that has led to dissimilarities within the restricted geographical scale of the northern host re-colonization route as well. These results suggest either a static situation in which PUUV strains are regionally well adapted, or an ongoing process in which strains of PUUV circulate on a geographical scale not yet reliably described.     

现代化医疗设备管理实践

随着现代医疗科技的不断进步,大量先进的医疗器械被医院购入并使用,使医院的医疗设备科成为医院接触先进医疗设备最多并发展最快的科室之一。医院如何应用现代化技术,更好地对医疗设备进行管理成为目前摆在医院设备科面前的主要课题。我们近一年来应用计算机、《医疗设备综合识别管理系统》、条码识别等现代化手段,在医疗设备科管理上进行了相应的管理实践,取得了一定的经验。     

本体论在中医药学语言系统中的应用研究

简要论述了本体论指导下构建中医药学语言系统(TCMLS)的目的,工具的选择与方法,包括术语及定义的采集范围及标准、定义类(Class)和类的等级体系(Hierarchy)、语义关系等。在目前国内外缺乏构建领域本体的成熟流程、方法和标准规范的状况下,TCMLS的建立是一种创新性工作,对中医药学数字化、标准化的实现具有重大意义。     

Retrieval-induced forgetting in Alzheimer's disease

It is claimed that Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients show reduced inhibitory processing and this has been put forward as a reason why AD patients make intrusion errors at recall. However, the evidence to date has been equivocal, because non-inhibitory mechanisms can account for the pattern of findings. Recently, however, a paradigm has been developed that is claimed to give a purer measure of inhibitory processing in episodic memory, the retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) paradigm [Inhibitory Processes in Attention, Memory and Language, Academic Press, San Diego, 1994, p. 265; J. Exp. Psychol.: Learning, Memory Cognition 20 (1994) 1063; Psychol. Rev. 102 (1995) 68]. Thus, we were interested whether AD patients would show a deficit in inhibitory processing using this procedure. Participants studied lists of category cue-exemplar pairs (e.g. fruit-orange) then practised retrieval for a subset of items from a subset of categories before taking a final memory test for all studied items. As in previous work, inhibition was measured as the difference between final memory performance for unpractised items from practised categories, and unpractised items from unpractised categories. The results show that AD patients showed normal levels of inhibition with both tests of cued recall and category generation (CG). This suggests that a deficit in inhibitory processes during retrieval is not behind the high levels of intrusion errors made in recall in AD.     

The hippocampus and contextual memory retrieval in Pavlovian conditioning

Several theories of hippocampal function have suggested a role for the hippocampus in contextual memory retrieval. However, these theories are based on studies using permanent pretraining lesions, which confound the role of the hippocampus in learning with its role in retrieval. We argue that an alternative methodology is required to assess the role of the hippocampus in memory retrieval processes. This alternative methodology involves temporary inactivation of the hippocampus in Pavlovian paradigms that lend themselves to an examination of retrieval. An example of this approach is considered in a Pavlovian fear-conditioning paradigm. We examined the influence of hippocampal inactivation on the context-specific expression of latent inhibition, a response decrement displayed when excitatory conditioning is preceded by non-reinforced presentations of a to-be-conditioned stimulus. Reversible inactivation of the dorsal hippocampus prior to retrieval testing eliminated the context-specific expression of latent inhibition. The nature of the hippocampal role in retrieval processes is discussed in the light of these data.     

SCI光盘相关文献的特点

对SCI相关文献的特点、检索功能等进行概述,指出利用相关文献这一特性对扩展检索功能、获得满意的检索结果有着明确的作用。     

医学图像数据库的快速检索系统的设计

随着CT、MRI等医学设备的发展和普及，医学图像数据量剧增。更好地管理和利用这些资源将有利于医学工作者及相关的科研人员。因此，本文开发了一个医学图像数据库的快速检索系统。