污泥深度脱水处理与处置工艺的COD及碳减排分析

采用污泥深度脱水技术,可使泥饼含水率降到40%～55%,有利于污泥后续处置的同时实现全过程的COD减排及碳减排。经核算,10万m3/d污水处理厂产生的污泥经深度脱水-焚烧、深度脱水-填埋工艺进行合理有效的处理处置,COD日排放均可减少5.52 t,CO2日排放可分别减少26.06 t和5.61 t。     

A strategy of splitting individual high volume cord blood units into two half subunits prior to processing increases the recovery of cells and facilitates ex vivo expansion of the infused haematopoietic progenitor cells in adults

This study was designed to maximize the recovery of the desirable cell populations contained in the cord blood (CB) freezing bag, in order to optimize donor selection for adolescents and adults. To evaluate this hypothesis, high volume CB units (CBUs) were categorized into three volume collection groups (120-139, 140-159 and >or=160 ml) and were randomly split before volume reduction into two half low volume CBUs; (a) and (b). Using the SEPAX Cell Processing System, all CBUs were standardized to 26 ml. In 128 high volume split CBUs, the WBC, mononuclear cell and CD34+ cell recoveries were significantly higher (P 相似文献   

肺减容术治疗肺气肿机制的研究进展

肺减容术（lung volume reduction surgery，LVRS）治疗重度肺气肿取得显著效果，本文介绍了其作用机制的研究进展，包括肺弹性回缩力增加及膈肌的收缩效能的提高等，为改良手术方式、提高手术疗效、选择合适的患者提供依据。     

Effectiveness of progressive dose-escalation of exenatide (exendin-4) in reducing dose-limiting side effects in subjects with type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND: Exenatide (exendin-4) exhibits dose-dependent glucoregulatory activity, but causes dose-limiting nausea and vomiting. This study was designed to formally assess the possibility of inducing tolerance to the side effects of nausea and vomiting at therapeutic doses of exenatide, using a dose-escalation methodology. METHODS: In this two-arm, triple-blind, multicenter study, 123 subjects with type 2 diabetes were enrolled and randomized; 99 (80.5%) of them completed the study. Subjects in the exenatide-primed arm received subcutaneous exenatide, starting at 0.02 micro g/kg three times a day (TID) and increasing in 0.02 micro g/kg per dose increments every 3 days for 35 days. Subjects in the exenatide-naive arm received placebo TID for 35 days. At the end of this 35-day regimen, subjects in both arms received the same highest dose of exenatide (0.24 micro g/kg TID) for 3 days. Thus, the exenatide-naive arm received exenatide for the first time on Day 35. RESULTS: The exenatide-primed arm had a lower proportion of subjects experiencing nausea and vomiting in response to exposure to the highest dose of exenatide (27 vs 56% in the exenatide-naive arm; p = 0.0018). Kaplan-Meier estimates of cumulative incidence were 0.28 in the exenatide-primed arm, compared with 0.68 in the exenatide-naive arm (p 相似文献   

Efficacy of praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni with particular consideration for intensity of infection

Summary Chemotherapy with praziquantel is the cornerstone of schistosomiasis control. In view of recent concern about tolerance or resistance to praziquantel, monitoring its efficacy in different epidemiological settings is required. We report a study among 253 schoolchildren in an area highly endemic for Schistosoma mansoni in western Côte d'Ivoire. After examining four consecutive stool specimens from each child, the first praziquantel treatment at 60 mg/kg divided into two doses was administered. Four weeks later, stool specimens were again screened over 4 consecutive days and revealed a cure rate of 71.6% and an egg reduction rate of 79.9%. There was a significant association between cure rate and intensity of infection prior to treatment with highest cure rates observed in light infections (P < 0.01). Praziquantel, at a single dose of 40 mg/kg, was again administered 35 days after the first treatment. The overall cure and egg reduction rates increased considerably. The association between cure rate and intensity of infection prior to the second treatment was significant but less pronounced. Twenty‐two children remained S. mansoni positive after the two chemotherapy campaigns, and interestingly, many of these were only identified after repeated stool examinations. We argue that pre‐patent infections may account for some of these ‘treatment failures’. However, further studies in other endemic settings are needed, with parasitological diagnoses having a high sensitivity.     

A Comparative Study of 3-Dimensional Titanium Versus 2-Dimensional Titanium Miniplates for Open Reduction and Fixation of Mandibular Parasymphysis Fracture

Introduction

Three dimensional titanium plating system was developed by Farmand in 1995 to meet the requirements of semi rigid fixation with lesser complication. The purpose of this in vivo prospective study was to evaluate and compare the clinical effectiveness of three dimensional and two dimensional Titanium miniplates for open reduction and fixation of mandibular parasymphysis fracture.

Materials and Methods

Thirty patients with non-comminuted mandibular parasymphysis fractures were divided randomly into two equal groups and were treated with 2 mm 3D and 2D miniplate system respectively. All patients were systematically monitored at 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th week, 3rd and 6th month postoperatively. The outcome parameters recorded were severity of pain, infection, mobility, occlusion derangement, paresthesia and implant failure. The data so collected was analyzed using independent t test and Chi square test (α = .05).

Results

The results showed that one patient in each group had post-operative infection, occlusion derangement and mobility (p > .05). In Group A, one patient had paresthesia while in Group B, two patients had paresthesia (p > .05). None of the patients in both the groups had implant failure. There was no statistically significant difference between 3D and 2D miniplate system in all the recorded parameters at all the follow-ups (p > .05).

Conclusion

3D miniplates were found to be better than 2D miniplates in terms of cost, ease of surgery and operative time. However, 3D miniplates were unfavorable for cases where fracture line was oblique and in close proximity to mental foramen, where they were difficult to adapt and more chances for tooth-root damage and inadvertent injury to the mental nerve due to traction.

     

Pooling sera to reduce the cost of HIV surveillance: a feasibility study in a rural Kenyan district

Summary Seroprevalence studies are crucial in HIV control programs but too expensive at district level. We evaluated the applicability of pooling sera and how it can reduce cost and affect accuracy at district level. 740 samples collected from antenatal clinic attendants for a sentinel survey in a rural Kenyan district were screened individually and in pools of 10. The seroprevalence when measured individually was 7.30%, while the calculated seroprevalence from pooled testing was 7.49%. Pooling was practicable and reduced costs by 62% for a marginal loss of accuracy. It is a useful tool in increasing the affordability of surveillance at district level. A pool size of 8 would have resulted in optimal cost reduction at minimal loss of accuracy.     

Prospective Study of Attitudinal and Relationship Predictors of Sexual Risk in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study

We examined the influence of attitudes concerning HIV transmission, safe sex, and sexual sensation seeking, as well as negotiated risk reduction with primary partners, on the proportion of unprotected sexual partners (%UASP) among men who have sex with men (MSM). Participants were 263 HIV-seropositive and 238 HIV-seronegative MSM in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study between 1999 and 2003 who completed a 20-item attitude survey twice. Behavioral data were collected concurrently and 6–12 months after each survey. Among seropositives, decreased HIV concern and increased safer sex fatigue were associated with higher %UASP at 6 and 12 months. Among seronegatives, increased %UASP at 12 months was associated with safer sex fatigue. At 6 months and 12 months, risk reduction agreements were associated with increased %UASP among seronegatives in seroconcordant monogamous relationships, reflecting their abandonment of condoms in such partnerships. We conclude that HIV prevention efforts should target modifiable attitudes (reduced concern about HIV and safer sex fatigue) and increases in sexual risk-taking of MSM, particularly among HIV+ men having sex with serodiscordant partners.     

Changing patterns of forest malaria among the mobile adult male population in Chumkiri District, Cambodia

Forest malaria remains a major problem in many parts of Southeast Asia and South America. In Cambodia, where a significant reduction of malaria morbidity and mortality has been observed in the last 20 years, the forest malaria situation was studied in Chumkiri District by analysing the available passive case detection data and conducting malariometric (n=1018) and questionnaire surveys (n=374) in four forest-fringe villages. There has been a decreasing trend of malaria incidence from 2001. Plasmodium falciparum was highly predominant and P. vivax was rare. The nearby-forest villages showed significantly higher parasite rates than the far-from-forest villages (9.0% vs. 1.2%, p<0.01). Malaria was highly restricted to the male adults but was nearly non-existent in other accompanying family members, including small children and females. Low income and working in forests were strongly associated with the malaria risk. Our results suggest that transmission has greatly reduced in forest-fringe villages, but remains active in forests, which is primarily maintained between the forest vector Anopheles dirus and ethnic minority inhabitants. Specific interventions directed to these previously neglected in-forest inhabitants to protect themselves and male adult villagers during their forest activities are necessary to achieve an ultimate goal of malaria elimination from Cambodia.