Water imbibition in the rat prostate during castration-induced regression

The present study was conducted to examine changes in water concentration in the ventral prostate of adult rats at different intervals following castration. The prostatic dry weight was obtained by drying the fresh prostate at 70 degrees C for at least 110 hr and the prostatic water content was calculated from its wet and dry weight. Under normal conditions, the prostatic water concentration ranges from 81.9 to 82.7% in uncastrated rats. The prostatic water concentration started to increase at 8 hr postcastration (83.1%) but this increase was not statistically significant. By 16 hr postcastration, the prostatic water concentration (83.8%) became significantly higher than that of the uncastrated animals. In rats of day 1 to day 10 postcastration, the prostate contained significantly more water (84.4%-84.7%) than those in uncastrated animals. By day 21 postcastration, the prostatic water concentration (81.5%) was not significantly different from that of uncastrated rats. Unlike the prostate, the skeletal muscle did not significantly change the water concentration following castration. The 51Cr-EDTA space in the prostate was not significantly different in rats before and after castration. These results indicate that water imbibition in the rat prostate is associated with an active period of prostatic regression and that the change in the 51Cr-EDTA space during prostatic regression is not the major cause of water imbibition in the tissue. Therefore, the present findings suggest that castration-induced water imbibition in the rat prostate is caused by an increase in the intracellular water space.     

Association between alcohol consumption and aeroallergen sensitization in Danish adults

BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that alcohol consumption may be one of the lifestyle factors associated with a westernized, urban, and affluent lifestyle contributing to the rise in atopic disease. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate the association between alcohol consumption and atopy (aeroallergen sensitization). METHODS: In 1982, a population-based cross-sectional study of 3608 Danes (79% of the invited), aged 30, 40, 50, and 60 years, was carried out. Information on alcohol consumption was obtained by a questionnaire. Aeroallergen sensitization was defined as a positive test for the detection of specific IgE against a panel of 19 common inhalant allergens in stored serum samples. A total of 3317 subjects with complete information on all variables were included in the analyses. RESULTS: We found a statistically significant association between alcohol consumption and aeroallergen sensitization (independent of the type of alcoholic drink consumed). This association appeared to relate only to those who consumed more than 8 drinks/week. After adjustment for confounders this association was only statistically significant for those who consumed 15-21 drinks/week (adjusted odds ratio 1.8, 95% confidence interval 1.2-2.8). CONCLUSION: In this adult general population, self-reported alcohol consumption was positively associated with aeroallergen sensitization.     

Regulation of fluid intake in dogs following water deprivation

Whereas water loss in land living animals occurs continuously, water intake takes place discontinuously. At the normal operating set point of plasma osmolality, urine is more concentrated than plasma due to secretion of vasopressin. Thus animals operate around a state of mild dehydration. As water loss occurs, the severity of dehydration and thirst increase in intensity and at some point water intake occurs. Sufficient water is consumed to return plasma osmolality to the normal operating set point. Food intake and water balance are interdependent as food provides the osmoles which determine obligatory renal solute excretion. When dry food with the same osmotic content was substituted for canned food (water content 74%), dogs increased water intake from 24.2 +/- 4.3 to 62.2 +/- 8.8 ml/kg. Urine output and urine osmolality were unchanged, as under conditions of normal hydration, near maximal urine concentration is achieved. Changing water intake is the only available variable to maintain water balance. During water deprivation, the major renal mechanism appears to be natriuresis. In rehydration, satiety mechanisms ensure appropriate water intake and renal sodium conservation restores sodium balance.     

When poor solubility becomes an issue: From early stage to proof of concept

Drug absorption, sufficient and reproducible bioavailability and/or pharmacokinetic profile in humans are recognized today as one of the major challenges in oral delivery of new drug substances. The issue arose especially when drug discovery and medicinal chemistry moved from wet chemistry to combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening in the mid-1990s. Taking into account the drug product development times of 8–12 years, the apparent R&D productivity gap as determined by the number of products in late stage clinical development today, is the result of the drug discovery and formulation development in the late 1990s, which were the early and enthusiastic times of the combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening. In parallel to implementation of these new technologies, tremendous knowledge has been accumulated on biological factors like transporters, metabolizing enzymes and efflux systems as well as on the physicochemical characteristics of the drug substances like crystal structures and salt formation impacting oral bioavailability. Research tools and technologies have been, are and will be developed to assess the impact of these factors on drug absorption for the new chemical entities.

The conference focused specifically on the impact of compounds with poor solubility on analytical evaluation, prediction of oral absorption, substance selection, material and formulation strategies and development. The existing tools and technologies, their potential utilization throughout the drug development process and the directions for further research to overcome existing gaps and influence these drug characteristics were discussed in detail.     

我国城市地下水水质污染状况研究进展

综述了我国城市地下水水质污染状况的研究进展     

Combined treatment with a 5HT1A receptor agonist and a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist disrupts water maze navigation behavior

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of combined treatment with a serotonin (5-HT)_1A receptor agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(dipropylamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), and a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, scopolamine, on water maze (WM) navigation. Treatment with either 8-OH-DPAT or scopolamine before daily behavioral training disrupted spatial navigation at medium doses and cue navigation at high doses. Pretraining treatment with a combination of subthreshold doses of 8-OH-DPAT and scopolamine impaired WM spatial and cue navigation, but did not impair the WM performance if the drugs were injected post-training. In trained rats, combined injections of subthreshold doses of 8-OH-DPAT and scopolamine given pretraining did not impair the rats' ability to find the platform in a familiar or in a novel position. The combination of 8-OH-DPAT and scopolamine also disrupted WM navigation in rats with central 5-HT depletion. A combination of a peripheral muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist and 8-OH-DPAT had no effect on WM navigation. These data suggest that combined treatment with drugs blocking muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and activating 5-HT_1A receptors greatly impairs WM learning/performance, but does not impair spatial memory per se.     

施地瑞玛生理性海水鼻腔喷雾器治疗小儿干燥性鼻炎的临床观察

目的:探讨施地瑞玛生理性海水鼻腔喷雾器治疗小儿干燥性鼻炎的疗效。方法:将58例患儿随机分成2组,2组均不使用其他药物。治疗组给予施地瑞玛生理性海水鼻腔喷雾器喷鼻;对照组给予生理性盐水滴鼻液滴鼻,观察2组治疗前后症状、体征及有效率。结果:根据2组的主要症状、体征及疗效,治疗组优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:生理性海水鼻腔喷雾器治疗小儿干燥性鼻炎,可以缩短病程,改善鼻腔功能,疗效确切,且使用安全、舒适、方便,可以作为治疗小儿干燥性鼻炎的理想药物。     

Effect of water restrictions on the physiological parameters,psychological behavior and brain c-Fos expression in rat

1 Introduction Exposure to hostile stressors causes a series of coor- dinated responses in the body, such as alterations of neu- roendocrine secretion, immune reaction and behavioral manifestation to maintain homeostasis stability and sur-vival of the organisms. Stressors are divided into two main categories: physical, or systemic, and psychological, or emotional / processive. Each stressor might activate a spe- cific central pathway to induce a special neuroendocrine response, even cause stre…     

接枝环氧树脂水分散液的合成、分离与表征

控制不同的反应条件,采用甲基丙烯酸、苯乙烯与环氧树脂在丙二醇丁醚/正丁醇溶剂中接枝共聚,合成了粒径在87～104nm范围的环氧树脂水分散液。通过环己烷/乙醇和丙酮两步萃取,对接枝共聚产物进行分离,用FTIR表征,并估算了接枝共聚物的组成。实验结果表明,所制备的粒径为纳米级的环氧树脂水分散液,具有良好的机械稳定性、冻融稳定性及贮存稳定性。ξ电位测定表明,产物在pH>8的条件下更为稳定。     

联合应用口服水剂和水灌肠肠道充盈法的MSCT研究

目的：评价口服水剂、水灌肠及两者联合应用充盈肠道后,使用MSCT显示成人正常肠道的能力。材料和方法：将43名非肠道病变志愿者分别采用口服水剂法(21例)、水灌肠法(12例)、双重法(口服水剂和水灌肠联合应用,10例)充盈肠道,然后行MSCT平扫和增强扫描并进行图像重建,对小肠和大肠各肠段充盈状态进行评价。结果：口服水剂法回肠充盈良好,水灌肠法大肠充盈良好,双重法回肠及大肠均充盈良好。口服水剂法小肠充盈优于水灌肠法,与双重法无显著差异,大肠充盈状态水灌肠法明显优于口服水剂法,与双重法无显著差异。结论：口服水剂和水灌肠联合应用可以在MSCT同时较好地充盈显示小肠和大肠,而两种方法单独使用则仅能分别充盈显示小肠和大肠,需要根据显示目的选择相应的充盈方法。