细菌耐药耐受性机制的最新研究进展

抗生素的发现是人类抗感染史上伟大的里程碑。但是由于近年来人们对抗生素使用的认知不足,导致了抗生素滥用情况严重。抗生素耐药性以惊人的速度出现,现在已成为人类健康的主要威胁。由于抗生素的滥用导致了许多耐药细菌的产生,甚至出现了多重耐药细菌或者全耐药超级细菌。目前对于耐药细菌产生机制的研究进展已经比较成熟,近期研究发现细菌暴露在抗生素下会先变得耐受,耐受产生后会促进耐药性的产生。为有效尽早遏制耐药,有必要对于抗生素耐受的机制进行探究。目前关于细菌对抗生素耐受性产生的机制尚不完全清楚,本文主要介绍关于细菌对抗生素耐受性的研究进展,有利于加强人们对于耐受性细菌的认识,帮助预防、克服耐药。     

灭幼宝0.5G对蚊,蝇的现场药效试验研究

本文报道了灭幼宝0.5G对淡色库蚊和家蝇幼虫的药效。现场试验证明,该制剂对蚊、蝇幼虫和蛹具有较好的阻碍化蛹和羽化作用,其持效期达35天之久。     

诸暨麻疹疫苗免疫持久性研究

目的　了解麻疹疫苗免疫成功 2 5年后的免疫水平。方法　流行病学调查与实验室检测相结合。结果　麻疹疫苗初免成功 2 5年后尚有 5 3 66%～ 70 97%的人检出麻疹HI抗体 ;HI抗体阴性者中 92 3 1%检出SN抗体 ;未见再免成功与不成功者免疫水平有明显差异 ,不同抗体水平免疫成功者与自然麻疹患者 10年间感染麻疹情况不尽相同 ,免疫成功者主要表现为隐性感染 ,未见自然麻疹患者发生感染的。结论　在基本无自然麻疹的环境 ,麻疹疫苗一旦免疫成功 ,大多数人免疫力至少可维持 2 5年以上 ,甚至更长。再免仅能使HI抗体阴性和低水平者抗体暂时性迅速升高 ,对远期免疫持久性无明显增强作用。SN抗体更能反映机体免疫力。从免疫学观点看野病毒感染要强于疫苗免疫。     

Visible persistence: Effects of luminance, spatial frequency and orientation

Square-wave gratings of various space-average luminances, spatial frequencies and orientations were presented briefly to observers, who were asked to adjust a brief visual probe to coincide with the end of the longer-lasting, gradually decaying sensory trace of these stimuli. Visible persistence of 2 and 7 c/deg gratings increased with increasing luminance, and an interaction was found at approx. 6 cd/m2 between luminance and spatial frequency. The persistence curves showed a low-pass frequency characteristic at low mean luminance levels, whereas at high luminances, they presented a band-pass frequency characteristic. Persistence of a 7 c/deg grating was longer at oblique orientations than at horizontal or vertical orientations. These findings were related to properties of transient and sustained channels in human vision.     

Search and attention: Interactions of the hippocampal-septal axis,adrenocortical and gonadal hormones

The phenomenon of attention is treated in terms of the ability to select some sensory input channels over others by the central nervous system for further processing and behavioural organisation. Studies of birds and mammals are reviewed to illustrate two major points. The physiological interaction of the hippocampus and septum modulated by ACTH, adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones have an important influence on the selective aspects of perception. The theme is developed that some of these interactions mediate one of the attributes of an attention process; namely the ability to direct attention to salient stimuli to the exclusion of irrelevant background.     

The persistence of visual or auditory percepts as symptoms of irritative lesions of the cerebrum of man

Summary In this series of patients the persisting visual or auditory percepts were re-experienced immediately or were replayed many hours or even up to a day or more following the original stimulus. The persisting percepts were almost always experienced in the defective visual or auditory space contralateral to the responsible cerebral lesion. These patients usually had clinical evidence of cerebral irritation and seizures. When clinical seizures were controlled medically and stopped, so then did the persistent visual and auditory sensations. These spontaneous phenomena which we observed clinically were similar to the experiences elicited when the cerebrum of conscious man was stimulated through implanted electrodes. It seems that either spontaneous irritation of the brain or electrical excitation of the cerebrum of conscious man may induce replays of previous visual or auditory percepts which then appear as reality.This paper was read at the twenty fifth International Physiological Association Meetings, Satellite Symposium: Audition and Vision, Comparison between the Systems, August 3, 1971.     

Ensuring medication adherence with direct oral anticoagulant drugs: Lessons from adherence with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs)

Medication adherence (taking drugs properly) is uncommon among patients on warfarin. Poor adherence to warfarin leads to an increase in adverse medical events, including stroke in atrial fibrillation (AF). Factors related to patients, physicians and the health system account for poor adherence. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are easier to use than warfarin, with fewer drug and food interactions and no need for routine blood monitoring. A proper use of DOACs may reduce the risk of stroke in AF. However, in clinical settings where no laboratory monitoring is needed, a poor medication adherence is common and may impact clinical outcomes. In the management of chronic disorders, careful knowledge of the individual patient’s attitudes and behaviors is a pre-requisite for a successful doctor-patient communication. To increase patient’s awareness of the risks and benefits of DOACs and, in turn, increase medication adherence, at each follow-up visit physicians should screen for priorities and motivational problems; check for the lack of understanding and/or knowledge; assess any health system or personal barriers to medication adherence; identify appropriate interventions and provide tailored support to patient needs. Dissemination of guidelines to the health care chain (prescribing physician, general practitioners, caregivers, nurses, pharmacists) further encourages medication adherence. However, the long-term effect of some of these strategies is unknown; one tool may not fit all patients, and the prescribing physician should consider individualization of these aids to ensure medication adherence and persistence (continuing to take drugs properly in long-term treatments) for DOACs in every day practice.     

Factors associated with development and persistence of post-COVID conditions: A cross-sectional study

IntroductionThe post-COVID condition has become a social concern. Although the patient characteristics associated with the development of this condition are partially known, those associated with its persistence have not been identified.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey among patients who had recovered from COVID-19 and visited the National Center for Global Health and Medicine between February 2021 and March 2021. Demographic and clinical data, and data regarding the presence and duration of post-COVID conditions were obtained. We identified factors associated with the development and persistence of post-COVID conditions using multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses, respectively.ResultsWe analyzed 457 of 526 responses (response rate, 86.9%). The median patient age was 47 years. Of these, 378 patients (84.4%) had mild disease in the acute phase. The number of patients with symptoms at 6 and 12 months after onset or diagnosis was 120 (26.3%) and 40 (8.8%), respectively. Women were at risk of developing fatigue (odds ratio [OR]: 2.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31–3.14), dysosmia (OR: 1.91, 95%CI: 1.24–2.93), dysgeusia (OR: 1.56, 95%CI: 1.02–2.39), hair loss (OR: 3.00, 95%CI: 1.77–5.09), and persistence of any symptoms (coefficient: 38.0, 95%CI: 13.3–62.8). Younger age and low body mass index were factors for developing dysosmia (OR: 0.96, 95%CI: 0.94–0.98 and OR: 0.94, 95%CI: 0.89–0.99, respectively) and dysgeusia (OR: 0.98, 95%CI: 0.96–1.00 and OR: 0.93, 95%CI: 0.88–0.98, respectively).ConclusionWe identified factors involved in the development and persistence of post-COVID conditions. Many patients, even those with mild conditions, experience long-term residual symptoms.