北仑区229株结核分枝杆菌的耐药性分析

目的分析结核病患者的耐药性和患者特征为临床治疗提供依据。方法回顾分析宁波市北仑区人民医院2017年7月1日-2018年6月30日送检的984例疑似结核病患者的痰液样本,进行MGIT320结核分枝杆菌液体培养,并对结核分枝杆菌分离培养阳性者采用结核液体药敏试验,对4种抗结核药物:链霉素(SM)、异烟肼(INH)、利福平(RFP)、乙胺丁醇(EMB)进行药物敏感性试验,分析其耐药性,为临床合理选用抗结核药物提供依据。结果全部敏感为183株,占79.9%;单耐药为23株,占10.0%;耐多药率为17株,占7.4%;耐INH为31株,占13.5%;耐RFP为17株,占7.4%;耐SM为38株,占16.6%;耐EMB为15株,占6.5%。结论结核病的耐药率相对较低,INH和SM是结核病一线药物中耐药性较高的药物。     

糖尿病足患者多药耐药菌感染的相关因素分析

目的 探讨引起糖尿病足患者多药耐药菌(MDRMs)感染的相关因素,并提出相应处理对策.方法 将2008年5月—2011年5月在医院就诊的83例MDRMs感染的糖尿病足患者作为观察组,选择同期未感染的83例糖尿病足患者作为对照组,找出引起MDRMs感染的相关因素.结果 83例观察组患者共分离出123株MDRMs,其中革兰阴性菌占54.47％,革兰阳性菌占45.53％,以金黄色葡萄球菌为首,占40.65％,其后依次为铜绿假单胞菌占25.20％和肠杆菌属21.14％；多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,使用抗菌药物(OR=1.75,95％CI:1.38～2.21)、抗菌药物治疗疗程(OR=3.53,95％ CI:1.58～7.87)、住院次数(OR=2.10,95％CI:1.12～3.92)、合并骨髓炎(OR=5.81,95％ CI:2.93～11.54)、使用三代头孢(OR=1.54,95％ CI:1.10～2.15)和神经缺损性伤口(OR=4.81,95％CI:1.40～16.52)与MDRMs感染有着密切关系.结论 糖尿病足MDRMs感染与多种因素有关,应加强患者治疗和护理的规范化和无菌化.     

19例耐多药结核病患者的药学监护

对19例耐多药结核病患者进行药学监护,提高患者的依从性和治疗效果。19例患者有12例出现了不同程度的不良反应;6例使用卷曲霉素的患者中有4例出现低血钾;7例使用对氨基水杨酸的患者中有5例出现腹泻;2例使用环丝氨酸的患者出现了由药物引起的精神症状。药师分别进行了一般药学监护和重点药学监护。     

The efficiency of cleaning in intensive care units: A systematic review

ObjectivesThis review aims to analyze the studies on cleaning practices and the efficiency of the cleaning carried out in environments that have a great risk of resistant microorganism infection, such as intensive care units.MethodsIn this study, a retrospective literature review was undertaken of the relevant publications between the years 2005 and 2020, using the keywords “Cross Infection, Infection Control, Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria, Intensive Care, Room Cleaning, Environmental Cleaning, Hospital-Associated Infection”; using the international databases Pubmed, CINAHL and EBSCO and domestic database ULAKBIM on search engines. Titles and abstracts of all relevant articles found on electronic searches were reviewed by the researchers independently. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols guideline and Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, Study design model were used in analysing the studies.ResultsThe selected studies were reviewed in four main categories: Materials used in cleaning, the period between taking environmental samples, cleaning methods, and the efficiency of cleaning. Among the studies included herein, eight were randomized controlled trials, three were retrospective intervention studies, two were case-control studies and one was a retrospective cohort study.ConclusionsToday, the assessment of cleaning in environments can be evaluated by different methods, but there are advantages and disadvantages of these methods. Therefore, in the relevant literature, it is suggested that cleaning must be evaluated by several methods, not only one. Also, training the staff that carries out the cleaning and rewarding correct behavior by giving feedback are important approaches to increase the efficiency of cleaning. It is suggested that cleaning must be carried out every day, regularly with effective methods and equipment; frequency of cleaning during epidemics must be increased, institutions must prepare cleaning manuals according to evidence-based guidelines that are recognized at an international level.     

Clinical characteristics of bacteremic urinary tract infection due to third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli in children

Clinical characteristics of bacteremic urinary tract infection due to third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli in children remain unclear.We conducted a case control study comparing the clinical information of the third-generation cephalosporin-susceptible group (S-E. coli group) and the third-generation cephalosporin-resistant group (R-E. coli group). The R-E. coli group included extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) or AmpC-producing E. coli.We identified 52 cases of bacteremic UTI due to E. coli; 42 cases were in the S-E. coli group and 10 cases were in the R-E. coli group. Empiric antibiotics were more likely to be inappropriate for pediatric patients with bacteremic urinary tract infection due to third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli than those infected by susceptible E. coli (60% vs. 0%, P < 0.001). However, duration of fever and rate of relapse were not significantly different. The outcomes of bacteremic UTI due to multidrug-resistant E. coli in children were satisfactory regardless of susceptibility to empiric antibiotics.     

Cerebrospinal fluid drainage-related ventriculitis due to multidrug-resistant microorganisms

IntroductionThe aim of the study was to analyze the clinical and microbiological characteristics of adult patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage-related ventriculitis.MethodsRetrospective study from January 2010 to June 2019 performed in the Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (Spain). Cases of CSF drainage-related ventriculitis in patients ≥18-year-old were gathered. Clinical characteristics of patients, type of drainage devices, management and microbiological isolates were analyzed.ResultsNinety-one episodes of CSF drainage-related ventriculitis were identified. The most frequent organisms isolated were Gram-positive cocci (65%), mainly Staphylococcus epidermidis (48%). Multidrug-resistant microorganisms were detected in 21 episodes (23%). In multivariate analysis, the independent factors related with multidrug-resistant ventriculitis were the length of hospital stay >14 days (HR 6.7; 95%CI 1.75–25.86, p = 0.006) and previous antimicrobial therapy (HR 5.58; 95%CI 1.44–21.65, p = 0.013).ConclusionsOur study shows a large number of drainage-related ventriculitis episodes caused by multidrug-resistant organisms and reinforce the importance of a judicious use of antibiotics.     

First report on multidrug-resistant non-encapsulated Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from a patient with pneumonia

The non-encapsulated Streptococcus pneumoniae (NESp) has emerged and increased in the clinical setting. The majority of NESp strains have been isolated from the nasopharynxes of healthy carriers and from respiratory specimens of patients with otitis media. NESp strains were shown to be more effective than encapsulated counterparts at forming biofilms. Therefore, NESp should become one of the leading causes of emerging refractory respiratory disease after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. We report the first case of multidrug-resistant - including fluoroquinolone-resistant - NESp isolated from the intrabronchial aspirate of a patient with pneumonia. Drug-resistant NESp infections can possibly emerge as a clinical problem and thus the continuous monitoring of NESp infections is of utmost importance.