Activity of omadacycline tested against Streptococcus pneumoniae from a global surveillance program (2014)

The activity of omadacycline and comparators when tested against a subset of Streptococcus pneumoniae from US and European regions of a 2014 global surveillance program (304 isolates) are reported. These MIC results were compared to those obtained when testing S. pneumoniae from 2010 surveillance (1,834 isolates). The omadacycline MIC_50/90 for S. pneumoniae (2014) was 0.06/0.06 μg/mL, similar to 2010 (MIC_50/90, 0.06/0.12 μg/mL). The omadacycline MIC₉₀ (0.06–0.12 μg/mL) was similar for the penicillin-susceptible, -intermediate, -resistant, multidrug-resistance (MDR; ≥3 classes), and ceftriaxone nonsusceptible subgroups. Omadacycline MIC₉₀ values were 0.06–0.12 μg/mL for S. pneumoniae from the US and Europe. There was a high degree of resistance with doxycycline, erythromycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in both US and EU. For penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae, resistance to doxycycline and tetracycline in US/Europe was 64.2/61.0% and 63.8/60.5%, respectively, erythromycin 91.2/75.1, and ceftriaxone 7.3/4.0%. The potent activity of omadacycline against S. pneumoniae indicates that omadacycline merits further study in bacterial pneumonia, especially where MDR may be a concern.     

Study of treatment outcomes of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis under programmatic conditions and factors influencing the outcomes in Hyderabad District

BackgroundTreatment outcomes for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR TB) is generally poor. The study aims to know about the treatment outcomes of MDR-TB under programmatic conditions in Hyderabad District and to analyze the factors influencing the treatment outcomes.MethodsThis is a retrospective study in which 377 patients of Hyderabad district, Telangana state who were diagnosed with MDR TB and registered at Drug Resistance TB Treatment site of Government General & Chest Hospital, Hyderabad from 4th quarter 2008 to 4th quarter 2013 were included in the study. Impact of Demographic factors (age, sex; Nutritional status (BMI); Co-morbid condition (Diabetes, HIV, Hypothyroidism); Programmatic factors (time delay in the initiation of treatment); Initial Resistance pattern on the outcomes were studied and analyzed.ResultsThe treatment outcomes of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis under Programmatic Conditions were: 57% cured, 21.8% died, 19.6% defaulted, 1.1% failed and 0.5% switched to XDR. Age, Sex, BMI had a statistically significant impact on treatment outcomes. Hypothyroidism and Delay in the initiation of treatment >1 a month had an impact on the outcomes though not statistically significant. NO impact on treatment outcomes was found when Rifampicin resistance & INH sensitive patients were compared with those resistant to both INH and Rifampicin.ConclusionTo reduce MDR-TB transmission in the community, improvement of treatment outcomes, via ensuring adherence, paying special attention to elderly patients is required. The Programmatic Management of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis (PMDT) should seriously think of providing Nutritional support to patients with low BMI to improve outcomes. In the programmatic conditions if we could address the problems like delay in initiation of treatment and proper management of comorbidities like HIV, Diabetes, Hypothyroidism would definitely improve the treatment outcomes.     

血必净注射液对有机磷中毒并呼吸衰竭患者的临床效果

【】 目的 探讨血必净注射液对于有机磷中毒并呼吸衰竭患者的临床效果。方法 将60例有机磷中毒并呼吸衰竭患者,随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各30例。对照组接受一般综合治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上,静脉滴注血必净注射液40ml,一日两次,连续七天。治疗七天后统计各组患者的氧合指数(OI),白细胞(WBC),乳酸(Lac),记录两组患者APACHE II评分、胆碱酯酶(ChE)活性恢复时间、呼吸机上机时间、多种耐药菌(MDR)发生率等指标。结果 与对照组治疗后相比,治疗组氧合指数(OI)明显升高,WBC明显下降,APACHEⅡ、ChE恢复时间、呼吸机上机时间、多重耐药菌发生率均明显降低,〔OI(mmHg)：311.50±41.66比251.47±50.26,P＜0.05,WBC(×10₉/L )：4.41±1.5比6.96±2.4,P＜0.05,APACHE Ⅱ评分(分)：18.38±6.25比24.83±4.56,P＜0.05〕,治疗组胆碱酯酶(ChE)活性恢复时间,与对照组相比,明显缩短(d：7.37±2.07比11.66±1.86,P＜0.05),治疗组呼吸机上机时间较对照组明显缩短(d：10.28±3.19比15.61±4.07,P＜0.05),治疗组多重耐药菌发生率较对照组明显降低(d：14.31±3.07比19.64±4.82,P＜0.05)。结论 血必净注射液能够明显改善有机磷中毒并呼吸衰竭患者氧合指数、降低炎症反应、缩短胆碱酯酶活性恢复时间,减少多重耐药菌发生率,提高抢救成功率。     

In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts of Aristolochia indica and Toddalia asiatica Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

Bacteria have developed multidrug resistance against available antimicrobial agents. Infectious diseases caused by these multidrug-resistant bacteria are major causes of morbidity and mortality in human beings. Synthetic drugs are expensive and inadequate for the treatment of diseases, causing side effects and ineffective against multidrug-resistant bacteria. The medicinal plants are promising to have effective antimicrobial property due to presence of phytochemical compounds like alkaloids, flavanoids, tannins and phenolic compounds. The present study aimed to find the antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Multidrug-resistant bacteria were identified by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Production of β-lactamases (extended spectrum β-lactamases, metallo β-lactamase and AmpC β-lactamase) were identified by combination disc method. Antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanol extract of Aristolochia indica and Toddalia asiatica were detected by agar well diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. All bacteria used in this study showed antibiotic resistance to ≥3 antibiotics. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Vibrio cholerae were found to be positive for β-lactamase production. Ethanol extract of Aristolochia indica showed more significant antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria than Toddalia asiatica. Ethanol extracts of Aristolochia indica and Toddalia asiatica showed minimum inhibitory concentration values of 50-100 μg/ml and 100-200 μg/ml, respectively against multidrug-resistant bacteria. From this study, it was concluded that Aristolochia indica has more potential to treat multidrug-resistant bacteria than Toddalia asiatica.     

Social support a key factor for adherence to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment

Background

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is emerging as a major public health problem globally. Treatment success rates in MDR-TB across the globe are not encouraging as completing MDR-TB treatment successfully is challenging due to high proportion of lost to follow up.

耐多药结核分枝杆菌中embB基因突变与乙胺丁醇耐药的相关性研究

目的 研究耐多药结核分枝菌中embB基因突变与乙胺丁醇耐药的相关性. 方法 比例法检测84株耐多药结核分枝杆菌的乙胺丁醇(EMB)耐药性,基因测序检测embB基因的突变,2检验分析二者之间的相关性. 结果 84株耐多药结核分枝杆菌中有43株(51.2%)对EMB耐药,41株(48.8%)对EMB敏感,57株耐多药菌株(67.9%)的embB基因发生突变.在43株EMB耐药菌株中,embB基因突变的菌株为40株(93.0%),而41株EMB敏感菌株中,embB基因突变的菌株为17株(41.5%),embB基因在耐药菌株中的突变频率远高于敏感菌株(2=25.58,P=0.00).embB306是最常见的突变位点,其在耐药菌株的突变率也高于敏感菌株(2=12.37,P=0.00),embB基因和embB306位点检测EMB耐药的敏感度、特异度和准确性分别为93.0%和65.1%,58.5%和73.2%,76.2%和69.0%. 结论 EMB耐药的产生与embB基因和embB306突变有关,二者用于检测EMB耐药有一定的参考意义.     

利福布丁联合莫西沙星方案治疗耐多药结核病的疗效分析

目的：评价利福布丁联合莫西沙星方案治疗耐多药结核病（MDR-TB）的临床疗效。方法选取经药物敏感性试验确诊的90例肺 MDR-TB 患者,随机分为联合用药组（A 组）和常规治疗组（B 组）,每组各45例。B 组常规使用含莫西沙星方案（6ZKmMfxCsPto ／18Z MfxCsPto）,A 组在此基础上加用利福布丁口服。观察并比较2组患者在治疗后3、6、12、18个月痰液培养结核杆菌阴转率、肺部病灶吸收情况及不良反应的发生率。结果治疗12、18个月后,A 组的痰结核杆菌培养阴转率均高于 B 组（P 均＜0．05）。A 组患者肺部病灶吸收情况优于 B 组（P ＜0．05）。治疗期间2组患者的不良反应均经对症治疗后好转,2组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）。结论采用利福布丁与莫西沙星联合用药方案治疗 MDR-TB 可有效促进痰结核杆菌培养阴转、肺部病灶吸收,且安全性良好。     

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and extraperitoneal infections in patients with cirrhosis

Infections are a frequent complication and a major cause of death among patients with cirrhosis. The important impact of infections in general and especially spontaneous bacterial peritonitis on the course of disease and prognosis of patients with cirrhosis has been recognized for many years. Nevertheless, such importance has recently increased due to the comprehension of infection as one of the most prominent risk factors for patients to develop acute-on-chronic liver failure. Furthermore, the issue of infections in cirrhosis is a focus of increasing attention because of the spreading of multidrug resistant bacteria, which is an emerging concern among physicians assisting patients with cirrhosis. In the present paper, we will review the current epidemiology of infections in patients with cirrhosis and particularly that of infections caused by resistant bacteria, demonstrating the relevance of the subject. Besides, we will discuss the current recommendations on diagnosis and treatment of different kinds of infections, including spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and we will highlight the importance of knowing local microbiological profiles and choosing empirical antibiotic therapy wisely. Finally, we will debate the existing evidences regarding the role of volume expansion with albumin in patients with cirrhosis and extraperitoneal infections, and that of antibiotic prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.