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31.
Silk-elastinlike protein polymers (SELPs) are recombinant polymers designed from silk fibroin and mammalian elastin amino acid repeats. These are versatile materials that have been examined as controlled release systems for intratumoral gene delivery. SELP hydrogels comprise monodisperse and tunable polymers that have the capability to control and localize the release and expression of plasmid DNA and viruses. This article reviews recent developments in the synthesis and characterization of SELP hydrogels and their use for matrix-mediated gene delivery. 相似文献
32.
Vallarino M Bruzzone F Mathieu M Chartrel N Vieau D Ciarlo M Fournier A Vaudry H 《The Journal of comparative neurology》2006,497(5):717-733
Two forms of somatostatin are expressed in the frog brain, i.e., somatostatin-14 (SS1) and the [Pro(2), Met(13)]somatostatin-14 variant (SS2). We have previously described the ontogeny of SS1-immunoreactive cells in the brain of Rana esculenta. In the present study, we have investigated the distribution of prepro-SS2 (PSS2)-expressing neurons in the brain of the same species during development by using antibodies directed against the N-flanking region of SS2 (PSS2(54-66)). Immunoreactive perikarya first appeared in the ventral hypothalamus at stages IV-VII. Subsequently, positive neurons were seen in the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, the anterior preoptic area, the posterior tuberculum (stages VIII-XII), as well as the dorsal (stages XIII-XV) and medial (stages XIX-XX) periventricular preoptic nucleus. At metamorphic climax and in newly metamorphosed frogs, positive perikarya were found in the striatum and in the interpeduncular nucleus. PSS2(54-66)-immunoreactive fibers were already widely distributed during the first stages of development, indicating that SS2 may act as a neuromodulator and/or neurotransmitter during ontogeny. The presence of PSS2(54-66)-positive nerve fibers in olfactory structures suggests that, in tadpoles, SS2 may be involved in the processing of olfactory information. The occurrence of PSS2(54-66)-like immunoreactivity in taste buds, and in the olfactory and vomeronasal organs indicates that SS2 may mediate the unconditioned and reinforcing properties of natural chemicals. Finally, the intenseexpression of PSS2(54-66)-like immunoreactivity in melanotrope cells of the pituitary suggests that SS2 may diffuse toward the pars distalis to regulate the activity of adenohypophysial cells during tadpole development. 相似文献
33.
《Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy》2013,14(4):835-840
Midodrine is an oral agent which acts as a selective peripherally-acting α-receptor agonist. Midodrine is a prodrug that is almost completely absorbed after oral administration and converted into its active drug de-glymidodrine in the systematic circulation, with a bioavailability of 93%. It has been used successfully in the treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension and more recently, in the treatment of dialysis hypotension. It acts through vasoconstriction of the arterioles and the venous capacitance vessels, thereby increasing peripheral vascular resistance and augmenting venous return, respectively. It is a unique agent in the armamentarium against orthostatic hypotension since it has minimal cardiac and CNS effects. This article will review the literature on midodrine for conditions of autonomic dysfunction, with focus on recent studies on its use in haemodialysis patients. 相似文献
34.
Shin JS Chung KW Cho SY Yun J Hwang SJ Kang SH Cho EM Kim SM Choi BO 《Journal of human genetics》2008,53(10):936-940
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is classified into demyelinating neuropathy (CMT1) and axonal neuropathy (CMT2). Mutations
in the neurofilament light chain polypeptide (NEFL) gene are present in CMT2E and CMT1F neuropathies. Two types of Pro22 mutations have been previously reported: Pro22Ser in
CMT2E with giant axons, and Pro22Thr in CMT1F. In this study, we identified another Pro22 mutation, Pro22Arg, in a Korean
CMT1 family. An investigation to identify the clinical and pathological characteristics of the Pro22Arg revealed that it is
associated with demyelinating neuropathy features in CMT1F. Histopathological findings showed onion bulb formations but no
giant axons. It appears that the Pro22 mutations may influence not only the Thr-Pro phosphorylation site by proline-directed
protein kinases but also other structural alteration of the NEFL protein in a different way.
J.S. Shin and K.W. Chung contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
35.
Jorsal A Tarnow L Lajer M Ek J Hansen T Pedersen O Parving HH 《Molecular genetics and metabolism》2008,94(3):347-351
The Pro12Ala polymorphism in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 gene is suggested to associate with diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the polymorphism in relation to diabetic nephropathy, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), mortality and cardiovascular (CVD) events in type 1 diabetic patients.This prospective observational follow-up study included 415 type 1 diabetic patients with overt diabetic nephropathy (252 men; age 42.2 ± 10.4 years [mean ± SD], duration of diabetes 28.3 ± 8.8 years, GFR 66 ± 8.8 ml/min) and 428 patients with longstanding type 1 diabetes and persistent normoalbuminuria (230 men; age 45.4 ± 11.6 years, duration of diabetes 27.8 ± 10.1 years). Follow-up: 8.1 (0.0–12.8) years (median [range]).There where no significant differences between cases and controls in genotype (p = 0.51) or allele frequencies (p = 0.25). Cox regression analysis revealed a covariate-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality in patients with the Ala/Ala genotype of 2.44 (1.23–4.84). The Pro12Ala polymorphism did not predict CVD events. However, the Ala/Ala genotype predicts ESRD (covariate-adjusted HR 2.60 (1.11–6.07)). Furthermore, Carriers of the Ala-allele had a higher rate of decline in GFR (p = 0.040).In conclusion, the Pro12Ala polymorphism is not associated with type 1 diabetic nephropathy. The Ala-allele is associated with enhanced decline in GFR and predicts ESRD and all-cause mortality in patients with nephropathy. 相似文献
36.
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38.
Danser AH Batenburg WW van Esch JH Krop M 《Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)》2008,86(6):655-658
For many years, prorenin has been considered to be nothing more than the inactive precursor of renin. Yet, its elevated levels
in diabetic subjects with microvascular complications and its extrarenal production at various sites in the body suggest otherwise.
This review discusses the origin, regulation, and enzymatic activity of prorenin, its role during renin inhibition, and the
angiotensin-dependent and angiotensin-independent consequences of its binding to the recently discovered (pro)renin receptor.
The review ends with the concept that prorenin rather than renin determines tissue angiotensin generation. 相似文献
39.
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS), a crucial regulator of systemic blood pressure (circulatory RAS), plays distinct roles in pathological angiogenesis and inflammation in various organs (tissue RAS), such as diabetic microvascular complications. Using ocular clinical samples and animal disease models, we elucidated molecular mechanisms in which tissue RAS excites the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐A responsible for retinal inflammation and angiogenesis, the two major pathological events in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Furthermore, we showed the involvement of (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] in retinal RAS activation and its concurrent intracellular signal transduction (e.g., extracellular signal‐regulated kinase); namely, the (P)RR‐induced dual pathogenic bioactivity referred to as the receptor‐associated prorenin system. Indeed, neovascular endothelial cells in the fibrovascular tissue collected from eyes with proliferative DR were immunoreactive for the receptor‐associated prorenin system components including prorenin, (P)RR, phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and VEGF‐A. Protein levels of soluble (P)RR increased with its positive correlations with prorenin, renin enzymatic activity and VEGF in the vitreous of proliferative DR eyes, suggesting a close link between (P)RR and VEGF‐A‐driven angiogenic activity. Furthermore, we revealed an unsuspected, PAPS‐independent role of (P)RR in glucose‐induced oxidative stress. Recently, we developed an innovative single‐strand ribonucleic acid interference molecule selectively targeting human and mouse (P)RR, and confirmed its efficacy in suppressing diabetes‐induced retinal inflammation in mice. Our data using clinical samples and animal models suggested the significant implication of (P)RR in the pathogenesis of DR, and the potential usefulness of the ribonucleic acid interference molecule as a therapeutic agent to attenuate ocular inflammation and angiogenesis. 相似文献
40.
Cominetti C de Bortoli MC Purgatto E Ong TP Moreno FS Garrido AB Cozzolino SM 《Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)》2011,27(9):891-896