Effects of concentrated ambient ultrafine particulate matter on hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease in the 3xTgAD mouse model

BackgroundExposure to air pollution has been identified as a possible environmental contributor to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) risk. As the number of people with AD worldwide continues to rise, it becomes vital to understand the nature of this potential gene-environment interaction. This study assessed the effects of short-term exposures to concentrated ambient ultrafine particulates (UFP, <100 nm) on measurements of amyloid-β, tau, and microglial morphology.MethodsTwo cohorts of aged (12.5–14 months) 3xTgAD and NTg mice were exposed to concentrated ambient UFP or filtered air for 2 weeks (4-h/day, 4 days/week). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and brain tissue were collected twenty-four hours following the last exposure to evaluate lung inflammation, tau pathology, amyloid-β pathology, and glial cell morphology.ResultsNo exposure- or genotype-related changes were found with any of the measures of lung inflammation or in the hippocampal staining density of astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein. The microglia marker, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1, and amyloid-β marker, 6E10, exhibited significant genotype by exposure interactions such that levels were lower in the UFP-exposed as compared to filtered air-exposed 3xTgAD mice. When microglia morphology was assessed by Sholl analysis, microglia from both NTg mouse groups were ramified. The 3xTgAD air-exposed mice had the most ameboid microglia, while the 3xTgAD UFP-exposed mice had microglia that were comparatively more ramified. The 3xTgAD air-exposed mice had more plaques per region of interest as measured by Congo red staining as well as more plaque-associated microglia than the 3xTgAD UFP-exposed mice. The number of non-plaque-associated microglia was not affected by genotype or exposure. Levels of soluble and insoluble human amyloid-β₄₂ protein were measured in both 3xTgAD groups and no exposure effect was found. In contrast, UFP-exposure led to significant elevations in phosphorylated tau in 3xTgAD mice as compared to those that were exposed to air, as measured by pT205 staining.ConclusionsExposure to environmentally relevant levels of ultrafine particulates led to changes in tau phosphorylation and microglial morphology in the absence of overt lung inflammation. Such changes highlight the need to develop greater mechanistic understanding of the link between air pollution exposure and Alzheimer’s disease.     

异氟醚和七氟醚对肺癌根治术患者血清E-selectin、ICAM-1、MMP-2、MMP-9表达的影响

目的评价异氟醚和七氟醚吸入麻醉对肺癌根治术患者血清E-选择素(E-selectin)、内皮细胞间黏附分子(ICAM)-1、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2、MMP-9浓度变化的影响。方法择期行肺癌根治术患者60例,年龄43~68岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法,将患者随机均分为两组:异氟醚(I组)和七氟醚组(S组)。两组患者气管插管后吸入1.7%~2.3%异氟醚或2.5%~3.4%七氟醚,维持I组异氟醚呼气末浓度为1.5~2.0 MAC、S组七氟醚呼气末浓度维持在1.5~2.0 MAC至术毕。于麻醉诱导前5min(T0)、手术开始后1h(T1)、手术开始后2h(T2)和术后1h(T3)时采集静脉血样,酶联免疫吸附法测定血清E-selectin、ICAM-1、MMP-2、MMP-9表达。结果与T0时比较,T1~T3时I组血清E-selectin、ICAM-1、MMP-2、MMP-9表达明显增加(P0.05),T2、T3时S组血清E-selectin、ICAM-1、MMP-2、MMP-9表达明显降低(P0.05)。T1~T3时S组血清E-selectin、ICAM-1、MMP-2、MMP-9表达明显低于I组(P0.05)。结论七氟醚能抑制肺癌根治术患者血清E-selectin、ICAM-1、MMP-2、MMP-9的表达。     

地氟醚和七氟醚对术中运动诱发电位监测的影响

目的比较地氟醚和七氟醚对术中运动诱发电位(motor evoked potentials,MEPs)监测的影响。方法选择ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,择期神经外科手术术中行MEPs监测的患者36例,随机均分为两组:地氟醚组(F组)和七氟醚组(S组)。术中监测血流动力学、BIS、MEPs的波幅和潜伏期、肌松(TOF值)、体温。术中保证肌松药作用消失,维持血流动力学平稳,BIS 40~60,体温36~37℃,调节吸入麻醉药浓度,使其呼气末浓度达到0.7、0.8、0.9和1.0 MAC,每一浓度维持10min,测每一浓度下四肢的运动诱发电位,记录其潜伏期和波幅,比较两组各肢体在不同浓度下MEPs的潜伏期和波幅的变化。结果与前一MAC比较,随MAC值增加,左上、下肢体和右上、下肢体的两组MEPs潜伏期明显延长,MEPs波幅明显降低(P0.05)。在0.7、0.8 MAC时,左下肢和右下肢F组的MEPs潜伏期明显长于,MEPs波幅明显低于S组(P0.05);在0.9、1.0 MAC时,左上、下肢体和右上、下肢体的F组的MEPs潜伏期明显长于,MEPs波幅明显低于S组(P0.05)。与前一MAC比较,随MAC值增加,左上、下肢体和右上、下肢体的两组MEPs潜伏期与0.7 MAC时MEPs潜伏期的百分率明显升高,MEPs波幅与0.7 MAC时MEPs波幅的百分率明显减低(P0.05)。结论地氟醚和七氟醚对MEPs均有抑制作用,随着药物浓度的增加,抑制作用逐渐增强,且在同一MAC条件下,似乎地氟醚的抑制作用强于七氟醚。     

参与成批吸入性损伤患者救援护士核心能力培训的效果

目的：分析成批吸入性损伤患者救援护士核心能力的培训效果,改进培训工作,提高护理人员对成批吸入性损伤患者的救护能力。方法针对参与2010年上海“11?15”特大火灾救护的42名护理人员进行相应救护核心能力培训,培训周期为1周。对42名护理人员培训前后的专业理论知识和操作技能进行考核,同时采用自行设计的核心能力自我评价量表及满意度调查表调查42名成员培训前后的核心能力及对培训的满意度,并对所获取的资料分析、整理、归纳。结果经救治的19例吸入性损伤患者中,中、重度吸入性损伤患者肺部感染率分别为27．28％和85．71％,所有患者均治愈出院。培训后,42名护理人员理论平均成绩由培训前的（67．60±9．23）分上升至（82．31±4．98）分,操作技能平均成绩由（63．93±6．68）分提升至（77．60±3．72）分,培训前后比较,差异有统计学意义（t值分别为－9．09,－11．59;P＜0．01）。不同科室的护理人员培训前后理论知识与操作技能均有提高,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。培训人员对操作课程设置、培训专家及总体满意情况均为100％,对理论课程设置满意度为97．62％。结论成批吸入性损伤患者救援护士的核心能力培训模式有利于提高护理人员对该类型突发公共卫生事件的救护能力。     

Subdiuretic dose of furosemide enhances albuterol effects in asthmatic mice rather than bumetanide

Background

One of the loop diuretics, furosemide, was found useful in bronchial asthma. It enhanced anti-asthmatic effects of albuterol. The underlying mechanism is still unclear.

不同雾化吸入方案对老年腹部手术后肺部并发症影响的疗效观察

目的观察布地奈德混悬液联合氨溴索氧气驱动雾化吸入治疗老年腹部手术患者术后肺部行发症的效果,方法将2011年1月至2013年7月上海市安亭医院外科收治的老年腹部手术患者202例随机分为2组,每组101例所有患者均于气管内插管全凭静脉麻醉下行腹部手术治疗。治疗组采用布地奈德混悬液联合氨溴索雾化吸入,对照组采用地塞米松加糜蛋白酶、庆大霉素雾化吸入,记录和比较2组术后血常规、C反应蛋白（CRP）、血气分析、痰液量及患者的咳嗽咳痰症状评分。结果术后连续3d内2组的白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比例和CRP差异无统计学意义。术后第3天治疗组的氧分压高于对照组（P=0．000）,治疗组在痰液量、咳嗽咳痰症状改善方面优于对照组,治疗组的术后肺部并发症发病率（9．90％）比对照组（22．77％）低,两者差异有统计学意义（P=0．026）。结论布地奈德混悬液联合氨溴索雾化吸入治疗老年患者术后肺部并发症的效果优于传统的地塞米松加糜蛋白酶、庆大毒素。能改善患者术后咳嗽、咳痰症状,改善老年患者术后肺部氧合功能,能降低术后肺部行发症发病率,值得进一步推广。     

Pulmonary immunization: deposition site is of minor relevance for influenza vaccination but deep lung deposition is crucial for hepatitis B vaccination

Vaccination via the pulmonary route could be an attractive alternative to parenteral administration. Research towards the best site of antigen deposition within the lungs to induce optimal immune responses has conflicting results which might be dependent on the type of vaccine and/or its physical state. Therefore, in this study, we explored whether deep lung deposition is crucial for two different vaccines, i.e., influenza and hepatitis B vaccine. In view of this, influenza subunit vaccine and hepatitis B surface antigen were labeled with a fluorescent dye and then spray-dried. Imaging data showed that after pulmonary administration to mice the powders were deposited in the trachea/central airways when a commercially available insufflator was used while deep lung deposition was achieved when an in-house built aerosol generator was used. Immunogenicity studies revealed that comparable immune responses were induced upon trachea/central airways or deep lung targeting of dry influenza vaccine formulations. However, for hepatitis B vaccine, no immune responses were induced by trachea/central airways deposition whereas they were considerable after deep lung deposition. Thus, we conclude that deep lung targeting is not a critical parameter for the efficacy of pulmonary administered influenza vaccine whereas for hepatitis B vaccine it is.     

平喘益气颗粒联合沙美特罗替卡松气雾剂治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期的临床研究

目的探讨平喘益气颗粒联合沙美特罗替卡松气雾剂治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期的临床疗效。方法选取2017年6月—2018年6月在天津市黄河医院治疗的94例慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者为研究对象,将患者按随机数表法分为对照组和治疗组,每组各47例。对照组吸入沙美特罗替卡松吸入气雾剂,2揿/次,2次/d。治疗组在对照组基础上口服平喘益气颗粒,2袋/次,3次/d。两组患者连续治疗3个月。观察两组的临床疗效,比较两组的肺功能指标、SGRQ评分、6 min步行距离、免疫功能、炎症因子。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为76.60%、91.49%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)、FEV1/FVC均显著提高,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗后治疗组FEV1、FVC、FEV1/FVC明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组圣乔治呼吸问卷(SGRQ)评分显著降低,6 min步行距离显著增加,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗后治疗组SGRQ评分低于对照组,6 min步行距离长于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,治疗组CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+明显高于治疗前,且治疗组CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)水平显著下降,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗后治疗组炎症因子水平明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论平喘益气颗粒联合沙美特罗替卡松气雾剂治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期具有较好的临床疗效,可改善患者临床症状及肺功能,调节免疫功能及相关炎症因子,提高生活质量,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

护理干预对哮喘患者吸入糖皮质激素治疗依从性的影响

目的护理干预对哮喘患者糖皮质激素吸入治疗的效果与治疗依从性分析。方法选取2010年1月—2011年12月在我科应用糖皮质激素治疗依从性差的84例中重度哮喘患者,随机分为两组,每组42例,调查分析患者治疗依从性,对比两组服药依从性。结果干预组42例患者,治疗依从率为88.10%,哮喘症状评分为(24.1±0.9)分;对照组42例患者,治疗依从率为19.05%,哮喘症状评分为(13.9±0.7)分。护理干预组的治疗依从性明显较好(P<0.05),疗效显著提高(P<0.05)。结论针对性护理干预能够有效提高患者糖皮质激素治疗依从性,提高疗效。