High-dose anabolic steroids in strength athletes: Effects upon hostility and aggression

Six male strength athletes, three illicit anabolic steroid users and three non-steroid users were monitored over several months as they underwent normal training and competition routines. Subjects completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire, Buss-Durke Hostility Inventory and the Rosenweig Picture Frustration Test on four occasions: two on-drug periods and two off-drug periods for the steroid users and equivalent test periods for the non-users. Steroid presence was monitored objectively by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Whilst those drugs declared by the athletes were confirmed in the “on-drug” samples and most of the “off-drug” samples, clear steroid traces were apparent in some supposed off-drug sessions. This complicated data interpretation and may partially explain why steroid users were significantly more hostile and aggressive at all times compared to the non-users. Despite this, self-rated aggression did increase significantly in steroid users during their acknowledged on-drug periods. Multiple drug use or “stacking” in particular caused severe hostility/aggression; one steroid user also admitted to attempted murder during a previous steroid-taking phase.     

Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) pH in Young,Healthy Men and Women

The pH in the upper gastrointestinal tract of young, healthy men and women was measured in the fasting state and after administration of a standard solid and liquid meal. Calibrated Heidelberg capsules were used to record the pH continuously over the study period of approximately 6 hr. In the fasted state, the median gastric pH was 1.7 and the median duodenal pH was 6.1. When the meal was administered the gastric pH climbed briefly to a median peak value of 6.7, then declined gradually back to the fasted state value over a period of less than 2 hr. In contrast to the pH behavior in the stomach, feeding a meal caused a reduction in the median duodenal pH to 5.4. In addition, there was considerable fluctuation in the postprandial duodenal pH on an intrasubject basis. The pH in the duodenum did not return to fasted state values within the 4-hr postprandial observation period. There was no tendency for the duodenal pH to be related to the gastric pH in either the fed or fasted phases of the study. Furthermore, pH in the upper GI tract of young, healthy subjects appears to be independent of gender. The differences in upper GI pH between the fasted and the fed state are discussed in terms of dosage form performance and absorption for orally administered drugs.     

壁冷式固定床反应器的多态研究

以邻二甲苯氧化制苯酐为工作反应，采用正交配置法和连续性算法对带有轴向导热的一维拟均相模型进行模拟计算，得到了反应器发生多态的区域。结果表明，轴向热反馈虽引起多态现象的重要因素，热反反馈越大，多态范围越宽，提高了反应器的操作稳定性，单管试验表明，在床层中设置导热片后，明显扩大了多态区域。     

Antidepressants in states of cognitive dysfunction

Several approaches are described for the design of pharmacologic strategies for the manipulation of cognition. By a variety of criteria, it is concluded that antidepressants deserve a trial in some patients with cognitive dysfunction. Depression is an illness with prominent cognitive dysfunction that shares, to some extent, cognitive and biochemical impairments similar to those observed in cognitive dysfunction of organic etiology. Antidepressants appear to produce their beneficial effect on cognition in depression by inducing slow adaptive changes in catecholamine and indoleamine pathways, therein promoting alterations in the individual's central motivational state. Animal data supporting these ideas are reported. As reviewed, few satisfactory studies of antidepressants in cognitive dysfunction of organic etiology appear in the literature, perhaps as the result of the potent anticholinergic properties of the most popular antidepressant drugs.     

Lack of influence of an intensive antacid regimen on theophylline bioavailability

We examined the influence of a large-volume, therapeutic antacid regimen, administered for three full days, on the steady-state bioavailability of a conventional-release and sustained-release theophylline product, Aminophyllin and Theodur, respectively. Nine stable asthmatics voluntarily completed a four-phase investigation requiring a total stay of 12 days in the Clinical Research Unit. The treatments consisted of administration of the formulations mentioned with and without antacids to each patient in a randomized sequence. Four patients participated in an additional phase where antacids were administered q2h around the clock for three days. After coadministration of theophylline plus antacids for two days, theophylline therapy was discontinued while numerous blood samples were obtained over 22 hr and analyzed for theophylline content via radioimmunoassay. Antacids had no predictable, consistent influence on theophylline absorption rate as determined by the absorption rate constant, the time to maximal theophylline concentration, or the lag time for theophylline absorption. Antacids had no detectable influence on theophylline elimination half-life and had no consistent, statistically significant effect on the extent of theophylline bioavailability, according to measurements of maximal concentration, AUCmeasured over the appropriate steady-state dosing interval, or elimination-rate adjusted AUC.The substantial intraindividual changes for all parameters of theophylline bioavailability that occurred for control and treatment phases likely represent spontaneous, random between-day variability in theophylline disposition independent of antacid administration, as evidenced by the comparability of the percent coefficient of variation for parameters of biovailability across all phases. Our data demonstrate that therapeutic antacid administration has no effect on steady-state theophylline bioavailability and does not alter the intrinsic variability in theophylline absorption. Based on the results of our data, it is unlikely that a clinically significant (>20%) decrease in theophylline absorption would occur in any patient treated intensively with antacids concurrently.Presented in part at the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Third Annual Meeting, Kansas City, Missouri, June, 1982. Supported by Clinical Research Unit Grant # MO-1-RR00080-21, The American Lung Association of Northern Ohio and Affiliates, and in part by the Hoffman LaRoche Hospital Pharmacy Research Grant Program.     

Diffuse White Matter Involvement Seen in Patients in Longstanding Bedridden State from Cerebrovascular Dementia

Abstract: We report here two autopsied cases of patients who had been in a longstanding bedridden state from cerebrovascular dementia. They showed a clinical history of persistent hypertension, a history of acute strokes, a lengthy clinical course with long plateau periods a gradual accumulation of focal neurological symptoms signs, including dementia prominent motor disturbances pseudobulbar palsy. They had been in a bedridden state for the last several years had to be fed. The pathology seemed to predominently affect the perforating vessels to the subcortical gray white matter. Demyelination, loss of axons, patehygliosis infiltration by macrophages were noted in the involved regions. The long penetrating vessels of the white matter showed advanced arteriosclerotic changes. There was a relative sparing of the cortex. The low attenuation of the white matter with moderate to severe atrophy, an infarction might well be significant features on a CT-scan of these conditions. One of the possible mechanisms on the pathogenesis of chronic vascular disease includes diffuse ischemia related to hypertensive vasculopathy.     

关于慢性乙型肝炎病毒无症状感染的几个问题

综合报道近年来作者等对慢性HBV无症状感染的研究结果。处于受“高威胁”的口腔科医务人员和血液透析病人的HBV感染率并不高于一般人群。无症状感染状态的存在,是由于对HBsAg的体液和细胞免疫功能不全。经肝活检的257例,44％诊断为不同类型的慢性肝炎。在肝组织病毒抗原的表型与肝内炎症活动性之间,未发现有明显相关性。感染状态相当稳定。HBeAg/抗-HBe血清转换不是病毒复制与非复制时相的截然转折点。肝内有整合型病毒核酸的个例,可以是血清病毒抗原阴性的基因组携带者。上述结果构成我国“高发地区低反应型”HBV感染的特点。     

An alternative method for calculating simple pharmacokinetic parameters for zero-order absorption and first-order elimination processes

An alternative way to the classical method is presented for calculating the relevant pharmacokinetic parameters for zero-order absorption and first-order elimination processes. Although the equations were derived using the one compartment body model, some of them are applicable to the multicomponent body model as well. The method presented is useful whether or not a steady state is reached.