病态嗓音基频和音域的变化

目的：研究４种发音方式下基频（Ｆｏ）和真假声音域的关系。方法：用电子计算机分别测试真声最低音、舒适音、真声最高音、假声最高音的Ｆｏ值。结果：病态嗓音的真声最低音Ｆｏ值升高,假声最高音Ｆｏ值下降;真假声音域缩窄,假声音域变化更明显。结论：病态嗓音的假声最高音基频下降,假声音域变窄。     

京剧嗓音的声学分析及音域特征

目的　从声学角度客观地检测京剧的嗓音特征 ,为京剧演唱者嗓音的训练和保护提供参考。方法　对 73名 1 6～ 5 7岁不同行当的专业京剧演员或学员 ,利用Dr Speech计算机频谱分析系统对元音 /a/、/i/歌唱舒适音和唱段进行声学参数的检测和分析。结果　各行当元音 /a/、/i/歌唱舒适音的基频 (fundamentalfrequency,F0 )分别是 :丑角 (2 72 6± 42 0 )Hz( x±s ,下同 )、(30 4 2± 2 2 1 )Hz;小生 (499 3± 34 0 )Hz,(485 4± 1 8 7)Hz;老生 (335 6± 6 0 0 )Hz,(31 7 9± 45 1 )Hz ;花脸 (31 9 0±6 1 3)Hz,(34 0 1± 6 8 8)Hz;老旦 (42 7 6± 47 2 )Hz,(437 7± 45 8)Hz ;花旦 (5 35 8± 48 8)Hz,(5 6 1 6± 2 9 2 )Hz ;青衣 (5 48 0± 6 9 5 )Hz,(5 43 5± 79 3)Hz;其它声学参数 :频率微扰 (pitchperiodperturbation,或Jitter)、振幅微扰 (amplitudeperturbation ,或Shimmer)和声门噪声能量 (也称标准化噪声能量级 ,normalizednoiseenergy ,NNE)均在软件提供的正常值范围内 ;京剧演员歌唱音域的跨度为 1 7～ 2 8个八度 ,最低音和多数最高音均比西洋唱法的高音声部相应的值高。结论　京剧嗓音有着独特的声学特征 ;结果对其嗓音的训练和保护有一定的临床参考     

Improved accuracy and extended flow range for a Fleisch pneumotachograph

A large linear flow range and a small instrumental dead space volume are incompatible properties for a pneumotachometer (PTM). The linearity of a Fleisch number 2 PTM is studied for flows up to 6 litre s-1 (nominal range 0-2 litre s-1) with various up- and downstream geometries. It is hypothesised that using an array of calibration factors (conductance; flow/pressure), instead of a single calibration factor over the entire flow range, could improve accuracy and also extend the applicable flow range. The conductance against pressure characteristics are calculated with a previously described weighted averaging technique based on multiple strokes from a precision syringe. A single conductance value gives stroke volume errors in the range of -5 to 3% (0-2 litre s-1) and -6 to 11% (0-6 litre s-1) for validation using the same geometry as for calibration. The pressure dependent conductance improves accuracy to within -3% and 1% independent of flow range. However, for validation using a different geometry than for calibration, errors range from -5% to +8%. The degree of non-linearity varies between the geometries (range 3-15%) and is highest when using a one-directional valve upstream of the PTM and a Y-shaped connector. In conclusion, a pressure-dependent conductance improves accuracy and can also be used to extend the applicable flow range up to at least three times the nominal flow range.     

无锡市肾综合症出血热宿主动物调查初报

对无锡市肾综合症出血热宿主动物调查结果表明:鼠类携带HFRS病毒阳性率5.77％。检出带病毒鼠4种,即小家鼠、黄胸鼠、褐家鼠、黑线姬鼠,其带病毒率分别为8.82％(3/34)、1.64％(1/61)、6.67％(2/30)、9.68％(3/31)。另外,经统计学分析,郊区带病毒鼠阳性明显高于市区(P<0.01)。加强灭鼠,严格控制疫区鼠密度是降低人群肾综合症出血热发病率的关键。     

Impact of a preceding striatal excitotoxic lesion and treatment with ciliary neurotrophic factor on striatal graft survival

The survival of grafted embryonic striatal tissue, dissected from the lateral ganglionic eminence, depends on the status of the host striatum. We found significantly larger volumes of surviving graft tissue and of striatal-like tissue (P-zone) within the graft, when the host striatum had been subjected to an excitotoxic lesion prior to transplantation surgery. Concomitantly the numbers of surviving grafted cells, assessed in both cresyl violet-stained sections and in sections stained with an immunohistochemical marker for striatal neurons, increased as compared to when graft tissue was placed in an intact unlesioned striatum. Finally, we examined the impact of treatment of the donor tissue with ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) on graft survival. CNTF has previously been shown to protect striatal neurons against excitotoxic insults both in vitro and in vivo, but it did not improve striatal graft survival when added to the cell suspension prior to implantation.     

A prospective randomised trial on the effect of monitoring plasma anticonvulsant levels in epilepsy

Summary To evaluate whether knowledge of plasma levels of anti-epileptic drugs has an effect on therapeutic outcome, 127 epileptic outpatients were randomly assigned to two groups (A and B). Plasma levels of group A were reported to the treating physician who attempted to keep the plasma levels within the therapeutic range. The treating physician was not informed of the results of plasma lavel determinations of group B. Data from 105 patients were available for assessment at the end of the study year. Therapeutic results of groups A and B were not significantly different. The reduction in seizure frequency was associated with an increase in plasma concentrations of the anti-epileptic drugs. Thus, under the conditions of the study, knowledge of plasma levels of anti-epileptic drugs did not further improve therapeutic results.

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Zusammenfassung Um festzustellen, ob die Kenntnis des Plasmaspiegels der Antiepileptika das Therapieergebnis verbessern kann, wurden 127 ambulant behandelte Patienten mit Epilepsie in randomisierter Reihenfolge in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt (A und B). Die Plasmaspiegel der Antiepileptika in Gruppe A wurden dem behandelnden Arzt mitgeteilt, der versuchen sollte, die Plasmaspiegel in den Therapeutischen Bereich zu bringen. Die Ergebnisse der Plasmaspiegelbestimmung in Gruppe B (Kontrollgruppe) wurden dem behandelnden Arzt nicht mitgeteilt. Am Ende des Untersuchungsjahres konnten die Daten von 105 Patienten ausgewertet werden. Das Behandlungsergebnis von Gruppe A und von Gruppe B war am Ende des Beobachtungsjahres nicht signifikant verschieden. Die Abnahme der Anfallshäufigkeit ging mit einem Anstieg der Plasmakonzentration der Antiepileptika einher. Somit konnte unter den Bedingungen dieser Studie das Therapieergebnis durch die Kenntnis der Plasmaspiegel der Antiepileptika nicht weiter verbessert werden.

     

提高稀释液浓度测定硫酸卡那霉素含量

目的：探讨按中国药典（2000年版）抗生素微生物检定法测定硫酸卡那霉素含量的最后稀释液浓度范围；方法：应用ZY－300IV型抗生素抑菌圈面积测量分析仪，测定硫酸卡那霉素抑菌圈面积与对数剂量的线性关系范围；结果：测定硫酸卡那霉素含量时，最后稀释液浓度范围在5.5-20.4IU/ml内对数剂量与抑菌圈面积呈直线关系。     

沂蒙山区1997～2003年肾综合征出血热监测结果分析

目的探讨肾综合征出血热（HFRS）在当地流行的特征和规律。方法统计分析沂蒙山区1997～2003年HFRS疫情资料。人群血清流行病学调查，HFRS疫苗接种效果观察。宿主动物带毒率调查采用荧光抗体实验（IFAT）方法，宿主动物密度调查采用夹夜法。结果1997～2003年全市累计报告HFRS病例32792例，年平均发病率为47．71／10万，男、女比例1．79：1（21051／11741），病例中农民占87．20％。健康人群HFRS抗体阳性率为1．85％。室内鼠密度平均为3．87％，野外平均为3．84％。鼠带毒率室内平均为5．05％，野外平均3．86％。HFRS临床诊断符合率平均85．26％。HFRS疫苗接种近期保护率为100％。结论当地HFRS的流行呈双峰型，疫区类型为家鼠型为主的混合型，HFRS疫苗接种近期预防效果肯定。     

Assessment of patellar maltracking using combined static and dynamic MRI

Between January 1995 and Jul 1997, 474 patients with anterior knee pain resistant to conservative treatment were referred for MR of the knee. The MR examination consisted of routine sequences with an additional patellofemoral dynamic examination using a technique that has been developed at this institution. The dynamic study examines both knees simultaneously, with the patient supine and the quadriceps loaded. No gating or restraint apparatus is needed. Patellar subluxation or tilt was present in 188(40 %) of cases, bilateral in 104 and unilateral in 84 cases (right 39, left 45). It was classified as mild in 51 %, moderate in 39 % and severe in 10 %. Subluxation was more prevalent in females than males (42 % vs. 37 %) and this was most obvious in the severe group where 68 % were female. In 90 knees selected at random, four measurements of patellofemoral morphology were obtained using reconstructed images from a volume gradient echo sequence. These measurements were correlated with the degree of subluxation or tilt. A tibial tubercle distance greater than 20 mm, a femoral sulcus angle greater than 150 degrees, sulcus depth less than 4 mm were specific for subluxation but no measurement proved to be sufficiently sensitive to preclude a tracking study. MRI can be used to define more precisely the anatomy of the extensor mechanism and its relationship to the femur and tibia, in both a static and dynamic setting. In this way, patients with anterior knee pain can be classified more accurately and the outcomes of treatment more reliably assessed. Received: 17 September 1999; Revised: 31 January 2000; Accepted: 4 February 2000