MSM同性偶然性行为及影响因素调查

目的了解男男性行为人群（MSM）同性偶然性行为及其影响因素。方法对2009年绵阳市建立的MSM开放性研究队列进行随访调查,对随访不足基线调查样本部分,采用滚雪球采样法,依据队列纳入条件,招募补足调查对象,进行相关行为学和血清学调查。结果在调查的405例中,有偶然性行为的占83．7％（339／405）,艾滋病病毒（HIV）确认感染率为7．7％（26／339）,新发感染率5．8／100人年（13／224．9）。接受偶然性行为的占36．3％（147／405）,53．6％（217／405）不反对也不接受,53．4％（181／339）在性欲未排解时寻找。寻找时先考虑是否看得上的占55．1％（223／405）,是否健康的占51．6％（209／405）,是否使用安全套的占19．5％（79／405）。寻找偶然性伴时76．1％（258／339）最担心感染上HIV;寻找之前每次准备安全套的占42．5％（144／339）,不准备的占9．6％（39／405）;51．9％（176／399）表示会发生无保护肛交。近6个月偶然性行为肛交每次使用安全套的占51．9％（83／160）,8．1％（27／335）出现过安全套破损。多因素分析,年龄（OR=0．811-2．786）、职业（OR=3．044-11．847）、寻找性伴场所（OR=0．147）、随身携带安全套（OR=0．250）是偶然性行为的独立影响因素。结论偶然性行为是MSM人群极其普遍的性行为方式,受人口特征及寻找性伴场所等影响,其低保护性和催生的多性伴极大地增加了HIV感染和传播风险。     

A patient in whom only hepatitis B virus (HBV) was thought to have been contracted, by kissing, from a same-sex partner coinfected with HBV and human immunodeficiency virus-1

A 31-year-old homosexual man was admitted to our hospital in August 2001 with liver dysfunction. His diagnosis was acute hepatitis B. He had had a steady partner coinfected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) from August 2000 to July 2001. Because he knew that the partner was infected with HIV, the sexual relationship had included only deep kissing, with no oral-genital or anal-genital sex. The serum HBV DNA level of the partner was relatively high compared with the serum HIV RNA level. Direct sequencing of the full HBV DNA genome from serum showed that the entire base sequences of the viruses from both patients were of genotype A and identical. HBV infectivity was shown to be stronger than that of HIV in our patient, in whom only HBV was transmitted from a partner coinfected with HBV and HIV. This case highlights the importance of HBV as a sexually transmitted disease.     

Midwifery and the LGBT midwife

Objective

to identify, through searching the published literature, midwifery's attitudes to gay and lesbian midwives.

Design

a selective literature review.

Findings

UK-based material was sparse. Items on midwifery and nursing and medicine and on midwifery in non-UK countries were accessed. Issues emerging include the salience of ‘coming out’, of education, of culture, of forming relationships with childbearing women and the difficulty of authoritative research.

Key conclusions

the midwifery literature on LGBT colleagues corresponds with that identified in nursing almost three decades ago. The lack of recognition of LGBT midwives carries personal and organisational implications.

Implications for practice

discriminatory attitudes may be difficult to resolve by education. Research on LGBT colleagues is fraught with difficulties. Various aspects of culture affect the acceptance of the colleague who is gay or lesbian. It is uncertain whether the midwife–woman relationship is less easily achieved by the gay or lesbian midwife.     

The children of homosexual and heterosexual single mothers

Children reared in homes headed by homosexual and heterosexual mothers were compared with respect to the mothers' and children's attitudes towards marriage, procreation and homosexuality. The mothers did not prefer their chldren to be homosexual; they desired them to marry and procreate. This was expressed more unambiguously for their sons. The children mirrored these expectations, boys with greater frequency than the girls. Most of the children expressed reservations about having a homosexual mother.     

Decreasing age at infection for homosexually acquired HIV in Italy: Results of a back-calculation analysis

The age-specific incidence of homosexually acquired HIV in Italy was examined, based on 3918 AIDS cases diagnosed by the end of 1994 and reported by the end of 1995 through the national surveillance system. Using a smoothed back-calculation analysis, the estimated median age at infection decreased over time, and HIV incidence among younger age groups peaked much later than among older age groups. These results support recent findings from other developed countries, and suggest that measures for preventing homosexual transmission of HIV are best targeted at younger age groups.     

Risk factors for A.I.D.S. among homosexual men in France

To identify risk factors for A.I.D.S. among homosexual men in France, a highrisk group in a moderate-incidence area, we undertook a case-control study in Paris and its suburbs. Fifty-three cases were compared to 99 controls from a venereal disease clinic and 79 controls from the staff of an amateur gay broadcasting station.In our univariate analysis, cases were more likely than controls to belong to upper socio-economical classes, to have used local corticosteroids, to have regularly inhaled nitrites, to report history of syphilis and of herpes infections, to have higher level of promiscuity with occasional partners ( one night stands ), and to have had sexual encounters in the U.S.A.. In the multivariate analysis, history of syphilis and promiscuity with occasional partners appeared to be the main risk factors, as well as the use of local corticosteroids, especially during the prodrome period.The correlation between promiscuity and disease risk was weak in our study when we did not discriminate between occasional and regular sex partners, contrary to that found in epidemiological studies of A.I.D.S. and H.,I.V.-seropositivity in high,incidence areas. In association with the history of syphilis, the development of the syndrome in our moderate-incidence country is more correlated to the contact with one-night-stand partners rather than to the total number of the sex partners. The public health policies in our area should be adapted to these findings. Otherwise they may be less efficient than hoped.     

宽容同性恋族群的现实意义

考察中国典章史籍及话本小说中的同性恋行为，基本囊括了现代科学所证实的诸如素质性同性恋、权宜性同性恋与双性恋。审视现代中国，同性恋出现了一些新的动态，企盼社会、主流群体早日理解与宽容同性恋，应特别关注儿童时期的性身份、性角色与性素质的培养，以减少素质性同性恋。     

Enhaced D2-type receptor activity facilitates the development of conditioned same-sex partner preference in male rats

Animal models have shown that the neural bases of social attachment, sexual preference and pair bonds, depend on dopamine D2-type receptor and oxytocin activity. In addition, studies have demonstrated that cohabitation can shape partner preference via conditioning. Herein, we used rats to explore the development of learned same-sex partner preferences in adulthood as a result of cohabitation during enhanced D2 activity. Experimental Wistar males (N = 20), received saline or the D2 agonist (quinpirole) and were allowed to cohabitate during 24 h, with a stimulus male partner that bore almond scent on the back as conditioned stimulus. This was repeated every 4 days, for a total of three trials. Four days later they were drug-free tested for partner preference between the scented male partner and a sexually receptive female. Sexual partner preference was analyzed by measuring frequency and latency for appetitive and consummatory sexual behaviors, as well as non-contact erections. Social preference was also analyzed by measuring the frequency and latency of visits, body contacts and time spent together. Results indicated that only quinpirole-treated males displayed sexual and social preference for the scented male over the sexually receptive female. They spent more time together, displayed more body contacts, more female-like proceptive behaviors, and more non-contact erections. Accordingly, conditioned males appeared to be more sexually aroused and motivated by the known male than by a receptive female. We discuss the implications of this animal model on the formation of learned homosexual partner preferences.     

男男同性恋常见精神健康问题及成因探析

男男同性恋（MSM）是作为一个特殊的群体,不仅是为当今多数人所不认同和歧视的群体,而且也是性病、艾滋病的高危人群。本文首先探讨了男同性恋者的常见精神健康问题,其次分析了造成男男同性恋精神健康问题的原因,以了解男同性恋者的心理状况,减少对男同性恋者的歧视,为以后研究男男同性恋问题提供依据。     

清代有关同性性犯罪的法律规定及对当前相关立法的启示

清代有关同性性犯罪的法律规定在历史上是最为严密的,同时它具有阶段性,清末法律改革使得相关立法面貌全变.我国1997年颁布的新刑法对清末《钦定大清刑律》多有继承,不过实际上,清代大部分时间内所实行的《大清律例》也有不少可资借鉴之处.1997年新刑法将强行鸡奸定性为强制猥亵,这并不符合实际,同时它还存在着一些比较明显的法律漏洞.