Gas-phase water-mediated equilibrium between methylglyoxal and its geminal diol

In aqueous solution, aldehydes, and to a lesser extent ketones, hydrate to form geminal diols. We investigate the hydration of methylglyoxal (MG) in the gas phase, a process not previously considered to occur in water-restricted environments. In this study, we spectroscopically identified methylglyoxal diol (MGD) and obtained the gas-phase partial pressures of MG and MGD. These results, in conjunction with the relative humidity, were used to obtain the equilibrium constant, K_P, for the water-mediated hydration of MG in the gas phase. The Gibbs free energy for this process, ΔG^°, obtained as a result, suggests a larger than expected gas-phase diol concentration. This may have significant implications for understanding the role of organics in atmospheric chemistry.     

Modeling chronic hepatitis B or C virus infection during antiviral therapy using an analogy to enzyme kinetics: Long-term viral dynamics without rebound and oscillation

The basic model for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection during therapy enables us to analyze short-term viral kinetics. However, the model is not useful for analyzing long-term viral kinetics. Here, I suggest a new model that was obtained by introducing Michaelis–Menten kinetics into the basic model. The new model can exhibit long-term viral kinetics without rebound and oscillation, unlike the basic model. The value of the parameter K in the new model is analogous to the Michaelis constant K_m and is predicted to be approximately less than 10¹⁰/ml.     

A study into possible deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium by the alleles of the hypervariable sequence in the region of the human insulin gene

A number of studies have reported on possible relationships between a hypervariable sequence near the 5' end of the insulin gene and some common diseases. Control populations within these studies appear to disobey the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In this study we have ascertained the allele frequencies in 181 random individuals. The chi-squared statistic comparing this population with a theoretical Hardy-Weinberg population was 0.61. This makes it unlikely that in the general population the Hardy-Weinberg rule is disobeyed. Possible reasons for the discrepancy between our study and the studies of others are discussed.     

非瓦尔拉均衡理论在医疗服务行业中的应用

该文利用现代经济学的基本理论，分析市场经济条件下为什么医疗服务行业处于非瓦尔拉均衡状态及存在的问题，同时，提出实现医疗服务行业靠近瓦尔扛均衡的政策建议。     

关于流行性出血热阴离子隙的研究 Ⅴ．病毒唑治疗对EHF患者阴离子隙变化的影响

１８７例ＥＨＦ患者在应用病毒唑双盲随机对照治疗中，血清明离子隙（ＡＧ）变化的动态检测结果表明：接受病毒唑治疗后，ＥＨＦ患者降低的出现率增高，ＡＧ升高的幅度缩小，且ＡＧ升高者的病情和肾小球滤过率下降的程度均减轻。ＡＧ升高的原因有变，由血清Ｎａ￣＋浓度升高所致的相对增多，而由血清Ｃｌ￣－浓度降低所致的则明显减少。     

Causes of differences in exercise-induced changes of base excess and blood lactate

It has been concluded from comparisons of base excess (BE) and lactic acid (La) concentration changes in blood during exercise-induced acidosis that more H⁺ than La⁻ leave the muscle and enter interstitial fluid and blood. To examine this, we performed incremental cycle tests in 13 untrained males and measured acid–base status and [La] in arterialized blood, plasma, and red cells until 21 min after exhaustion. The decrease of actual BE (−ΔABE) was 2.2 ± 0.5 (SEM) mmol l⁻¹ larger than the increase of [La]_blood at exhaustion, and the difference rose to 4.8 ± 0.5 mmol l⁻¹ during the first minutes of recovery. The decrease of standard BE (SBE), a measure of mean BE of interstitial fluid (if) and blood, however, was smaller than the increase of [La] in the corresponding volume (Δ[La]_if+blood) during exercise and only slightly larger during recovery. The discrepancy between −ΔABE and Δ[La]_blood mainly results from the Donnan effect hindering the rise of [La]_erythrocyte to equal values like [La]_plasma. The changing Donnan effect during acidosis causes that Cl⁻ from the interstitial fluid enter plasma and erythrocytes in exchange for HCO₃⁻. A corresponding amount of La⁻ remains outside the blood. SBE is not influenced by ion shifts among these compartments and therefore is a rather exact measure of acid movements across tissue cell membranes, but changes have been compared previously to Δ[La]_blood instead to Δ[La]_if+blood. When performing correct comparisons and considering Cl⁻/HCO₃⁻ exchange between erythrocytes and extracellular fluid, neither the use of ΔABE nor of ΔSBE provides evidence for differences in H⁺ and La⁻ transport across the tissue cell membranes.     

Testing association for markers on the X chromosome

Test statistics for association between markers on autosomal chromosomes and a disease have been extensively studied. No research has been reported on performance of such test statistics for association on the X chromosome. With 100,000 or more single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) available for genome-wide association studies, thousands of them come from the X chromosome. The X chromosome contains rich information about population history and linkage disequilibrium. To identify X-linked marker susceptibility to a disease, it is important to study properties of various statistics that can be used to test for association on the X chromosome. In this article, we compare performance of several approaches for testing association on the X chromosome, and examine how departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium would affect type I error and power of these association tests using X-linked SNPs. The results are applied to the X chromosome of Klein et al. [2005], a genome-wide association study with 100K SNPs for age-related macular degeneration. We found that a SNP (rs10521496) covered by DIAPH2, known to cause premature ovarian failure (POF) in females, is associated with age-related macular degeneration.     

The possible association between the presence of an MPO −463 G > A (rs2333227) polymorphism and cervical cancer risk

Purpose

The association between myeloperoxidase (MPO) polymorphism and the risk of cervical cancer is inconclusive. We performed a meta-analysis to clarify if a correlation exists between MPO polymorphism and the risk for developing cervical cancer.