Human papillomavirus vaccine uptake in boys and girls in a school-based vaccine delivery program in Prince Edward Island,Canada

BackgroundIn 2013, Prince Edward Island was the first province to introduce HPV vaccine universally to grade six boys in a school-based program. Because uptake rates in boys are unknown in this type of vaccination program, uptake of HPV vaccination in boys was measured and compared with uptake rates in girls and then analyzed with factors such as county, urban–rural location of the school, and school board to identify where the vaccine program could be improved.MethodsHPV vaccination records from the provincial childhood immunization registry in PEI were merged with Department of Education data containing all grade six girls and boys in PEI. Vaccine uptakes between years and between sexes were compared using two sample tests of proportions. Logistic regression modeling which accounted for the hierarchical nature of the data was used to analyze associations between factors and uptake rates.ResultsAlthough uptake was high in boys and girls, a significantly greater proportion of girls (85%) received all three doses of the HPV vaccine compared to boys (79%; p = 0.004). The odds of grade six girls being fully vaccinated for HPV were 1.5 times greater than of grade six boys, and the odds of students in the English Language School Board receiving all three doses were more than twice as great as the odds of French Language School Board students.ConclusionsHPV vaccination for boys in PEI has had a successful launch, almost reaching the Canadian Immunization Committee recommendations of >80% for the early years of a program. PEI has a highly organized Public Health Nursing program that is involved in all childhood and school-based vaccinations in PEI and in this context very high coverage rates were obtained. Areas to target for improving uptake include the boys and the students in the French Language School Board.     

Immunogenicity and safety of the human papillomavirus vaccine in patients with autoimmune diseases: A systematic review

Whereas safety and efficacy of HPV vaccines in healthy women have been shown in several randomised controlled clinical trials and in post marketing analyses, only few data exist in patients affected by autoimmune diseases. These issues are significant as autoimmune conditions are recognised as a risk factor for the persistence of HPV infection. Herein we review and systematise the existing literature to assess immunogenicity and safety of HPV vaccination in patients with autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and juvenile idiopathic arthritis.The results of our literature revision suggest that the HPV vaccines are efficacious and safe in most of the patients affected by autoimmune diseases. Yet, some points of concern remain to be tackled, including the effects of concomitant therapies, the risk of disease exacerbation and the cost-effectiveness of such immunisation programmes in these populations.     

Immunogenicity and safety of an E. coli-produced bivalent human papillomavirus (type 16 and 18) vaccine: A randomized controlled phase 2 clinical trial

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the dosage, immunogenicity and safety profile of a novel human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 bivalent vaccine produced by E. coli.MethodsThis randomized, double-blinded, controlled phase 2 trial enrolled women aged 18–25 years in China. Totally 1600 eligible participants were randomized to receive 90 μg, 60 μg, or 30 μg of the recombinant HPV 16/18 bivalent vaccine or the control hepatitis B vaccine on a 0, 1 and 6 month schedule. The designated doses are the combined micrograms of HPV16 and 18 VLPs with dose ratio of 2:1. The immunogenicity of the vaccines was assessed by measuring anti-HPV 16 and 18 neutralizing antibodies and total IgG antibodies. Safety of the vaccine was assessed.ResultsAll but one of the seronegative participants who received 3 doses of the HPV vaccines seroconverted at month 7 for anti-HPV 16/18 neutralizing antibodies and IgG antibodies. For HPV 16, the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of the neutralizing antibodies were similar between the 60 μg (GMT = 10,548) and 90 μg (GMT = 12,505) HPV vaccine groups and were significantly higher than those in the 30 μg (GMT = 7596) group. For HPV 18, the GMTs of the neutralizing antibodies were similar among the 3 groups. The HPV vaccine was well tolerated. No vaccine-associated serious adverse events were identified.ConclusionThe prokaryotic-expressed HPV vaccine is safe and immunogenic in women aged 18–25 years. The 60 μg dosage formulation was selected for further investigation for efficacy.Clinical trials registration: NCT01356823.     

非小细胞肺癌人乳头状瘤病毒感染及其与cIAP2和EGFR蛋白表达的相关性研究

目的 探讨非小细胞肺癌中人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)感染与cIAP2及EGFR蛋白表达的关系,分析HPV感染、cIAP2及EGFR蛋白表达与NSCLC临床病理参数的关系,进而探究HPV感染可能致癌发生发展的分子学机制,为临床用药策略提供实验室依据.方法 收集华北理工大学附属医院手术切除的非小细胞肺癌标本49例,用PCR方法检测新鲜标本中HPV16/18 DNA,免疫组织化学法检测HPV16/18-E6蛋白、cIAP2及EGFR蛋白的表达情况.选取14例肺良性病变组织作为对照.结果 PCR及免疫组化检测49例NSCLC中HPV阳性率(42.86％,21/49)明显高于肺良性病变组(7.14％,1/14) (P＜0.05),cIAP2和EGFR蛋白的阳性表达率均高于肺良性病变组(P＜0.05),且cIAP2和EGFR蛋白在NSCLC中表达的成正相关(x2=8.85,P＜0.05,r=0.391).HPV16/18阳性NSCLC组,cIAP2和EGFR蛋白的阳性表达率均高于HPV阴性组(P＜0.05).在49例NSCLC中,HPV感染与患者的吸烟史、组织学类型有关(P＜0.05),EGFR蛋白的表达与有无淋巴结转移相关(P＜0.05),而cIAP2蛋白的表达与患者的性别、年龄、吸烟史、肿瘤的组织学类型、分化程度及淋巴结转移情况等临床病理参数均无关(P＞0.05).结论 HPV感染可能是非小细胞肺癌发生的重要的病毒学危险因素之一,与吸烟协同作用促进肺上皮细胞的恶性转化,并可能通过上调EGFR、cIAP2蛋白表达而促进肿瘤发生发展.     

宫颈病变与人乳头瘤病毒感染临床病例分析

目的评价人乳头瘤病毒(Human Papillomavirus,HPV)感染在宫颈病变早期筛查中的作用,为进一步诊断和判断预后提供依据。方法来我院进行宫颈癌筛查,因宫颈液基薄层细胞学检查存在异常细胞妇女413例,均进行阴道镜下组织活检和HPV-DNA分型。结果上皮内瘤样病变(CIN)I患者中以ASCUS检出符合率最高,CIN II患者中以LSIL检出符合率最高,CIN III患者中以HSIL检出符合率最高。慢性宫颈炎患者一种或多种高危型HPV(HR-HPV)感染率要低于CIN患者(χ2=32.105,P=0.000),宫颈癌HR-HPV感染率为100%;慢性宫颈炎患者与CIN患者低危型HPV(LR-HPV)感染率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.205,P=0.650)。宫颈病变患者以单一HR-HPV亚型感染更常见。结论宫颈癌及癌前病变与HPV感染密切相关,HR-HPV基因检测及分型在宫颈病变的预后判断、疗效监测等方面具有重要价值。     

Facebook for Health Promotion: Female College Students' Perspectives on Sharing HPV Vaccine Information Through Facebook

Facebook, a social network site, has been widely used among young adults. However, its potential to be used as a health promotion medium has not been fully examined. This study explored Facebook''s potential for sharing human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine information among female college students in Hawai‘i. Culturally tailored flyers and handouts were developed and distributed at one large university in Hawai‘i to recruit female college students between the age of 18 and 26 having an active Facebook account. Three focus group meetings were conducted to gather student perspectives about how information about HPV vaccine may be best shared via Facebook. We found that students believed Facebook is a good awareness tool but they needed more knowledge about the HPV vaccine to feel comfortable sharing the information. Participants preferred forwarding information to chatting about HPV. Some participants expressed concern that their Facebook friends would think the HPV vaccine information they forwarded on Facebook is spam. Participants suggested prefacing the posted HPV vaccine information with a personal note in their own words to make the message more interesting and relevant to their Facebook friends. Future interventions using Facebook to promote HPV vaccine could provide students with HPV vaccine information from credible sources and ask students to attach personal testimonials or endorsements while forwarding the information on Facebook.     

A Survey of Physicians' Attitudes and Practices about the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine in Hawai‘i

The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has the potential to decrease the incidence of several cancers that affect women and men. Despite recommendations by the medical and public health community, and the incorporation of the vaccine into the adolescent immunization schedule, uptake of the vaccine remains well below target goals. To understand potential physician barriers to recommendation and provision of the vaccine, a cross-sectional survey was administered to Hawai‘i pediatricians and family physicians from July 2012 to September 2012 on their attitudes, practices, and perceived barriers regarding HPV vaccination. Surveys were mailed to 465 members of the local pediatrics and family medicine professional chapters, and 87 responses were received for a response rate of 19%. After excluding 14 responses, 73 surveys were included in the analysis. Although almost all of the respondents reported stocking and administering the HPV vaccine in their offices, only 71% reported strongly recommending the HPV vaccine to girls 11–12 years, and only 57% strongly recommend the vaccine to boys 11–12 years old. Lack of insurance coverage and other financial considerations were barriers to provision of the vaccine by physicians. Physicians who felt it is necessary to discuss sexuality with patients prior to recommending the vaccine were significantly less likely to strongly recommend the vaccine to boys 11–12 years old. Public health efforts should focus on addressing the financial barriers and encouraging physicians to recommend the HPV vaccine according to the guidelines.     

The Digital Distribution of Public Health News Surrounding the Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: A Longitudinal Infodemiology Study

Background

New media changes the dissemination of public health information and misinformation. During a guest appearance on the Today Show, US Representative Michele Bachmann claimed that human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines could cause “mental retardation”.

Objective

The purpose of this study is to explore how new media influences the type of public health information users access, as well as the impact to these platforms after a major controversy. Specifically, this study aims to examine the similarities and differences in the dissemination of news articles related to the HPV vaccination between Google News and Twitter, as well as how the content of news changed after Michele Bachmann’s controversial comment.

Methods

This study used a purposive sampling to draw the first 100 news articles that appeared on Google News and the first 100 articles that appeared on Twitter from August 1-October 31, 2011. Article tone, source, topics, concerns, references, publication date, and interactive features were coded. The intercoder reliability had a total agreement of .90.

Results

Results indicate that 44.0% of the articles (88/200) about the HPV vaccination had a positive tone, 32.5% (65/200) maintained a neutral tone, while 23.5% (47/200) presented a negative tone. Protection against diseases 82.0% (164/200), vaccine eligibility for females 75.5% (151/200), and side effects 59.0% (118/200) were the top three topics covered by these articles. Google News and Twitter articles significantly differed in article tone, source, topics, concerns covered, types of sources referenced in the article, and uses of interactive features. Most notably, topic focus changed from public health information towards political conversation after Bachmann’s comment. Before the comment, the HPV vaccine news talked more often about vaccine dosing (P<.001), duration (P=.005), vaccine eligibility for females (P=.03), and protection against diseases (P=.04) than did the later pieces. After the controversy, the news topic shifted towards politics (P=.01) and talked more about HPV vaccine eligibility for males (P=.01).

Conclusions

This longitudinal infodemiology study suggests that new media influences public health communication, knowledge transaction, and poses potential problems in the amount of misinformation disseminated during public health campaigns. In addition, the study calls for more research to adopt an infodemiology approach to explore relationships between online information supply and public health decisions.     

高危型HPV感染宫颈病变中E6/E7 mRNA的表达水平

目的探讨人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)E6/E7 m RNA检测对高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HR-HPV)感染宫颈病变筛查的临床价值。方法选择265例HR-HPV感染者,其中100例病理结果为正常宫颈/慢性炎症(对照组),88例宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)Ⅰ级,33例CINⅡ级,28例CINⅢ级,16例宫颈癌患者的宫颈脱落细胞标本,采用支链DNA(b-DNA)技术检测HPV E6/E7 m RNA的表达情况。结果 CINⅡ级(81.82%)、CINⅢ级(89.29%)、宫颈癌组(100.00%)的HPV E6/E7 m RNA阳性率高于对照组(20.00%)和CINⅠ级(35.23%),差异有统计学意义,其余各组间比较差异无统计学意义;CINⅡ级、CINⅢ级、宫颈癌组的HPV E6/E7 m RNA表达量也高于对照组和CINⅠ级,差异有统计学意义,其余各组间比较差异无统计学意义;高级别鳞状上皮内瘤变(HSIL)和癌组的HPV E6/E7 m RNA阳性率及表达量显著高于正常、非典型鳞状细胞(ASC)和低级别鳞状上皮内瘤变(LSIL)组(P<0.05)。结论 HPV E6/E7 m RNA的表达可能提示了病毒的活性和病变的进展程度,可能成为筛查出高级别宫颈病变的有效指标,可以作为宫颈癌前病变筛查的辅助方法。