Maxillofacial Fractures and Dental Trauma in a High School Soccer Goalkeeper: A Case Report

Objective: To present the case of a 17-year-old male soccer goalkeeper who sustained maxillofacial fractures and dental trauma after being struck in the face by an opponent's knee.Background: Because of the nature of the sport and a lack of protective headgear, soccer players are at risk for sustaining maxillofacial trauma. Facial injuries can complicate the routine management of on-field medical emergencies often encountered by certified athletic trainers. The appropriate management of maxillofacial trauma on the playing field may help to reduce both the immediate and long-term morbidity and mortality associated with these injuries.Differential Diagnosis: Lacerated superior labial artery, lacerated upper lip, dental fractures, maxillofacial fractures, orbital blowout fracture, closed head injury, cervical spine injury, cerebrovascular accident.Treatment: The athlete received immediate on-field medical care and was subsequently transported to the hospital, where diagnostic testing was performed and further treatment was provided. Hospital inpatient management included dental and plastic surgery. After discharge from the hospital, the athlete underwent several additional dental procedures, including gingival surgery and nonsurgical endodontic treatments. The fractures were followed closely to assure that adequate healing had occurred. The athlete did not return to soccer.Uniqueness: Certified athletic trainers need to be prepared for on-field medical emergencies. Bleeding associated with maxillofacial trauma can complicate basic medical interventions such as airway maintenance. Inappropriate on-field management may result in unnecessary morbidity and mortality for the injured athlete. Therefore, immediate recognition of the severity of the injury is needed in order to institute appropriate airway-management strategies.Conclusions: It is sometimes necessary to consider nonstandard methods of airway management in order to first address heavy bleeding that may be associated with facial trauma. Achieving hemostasis is essential in order to prevent potentially life-threatening complications related to hemorrhage, such as airway obstruction and hypovolemic shock.     

Decreased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase in the endometrium of women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate: a role for altered endometrial matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase balance in the pathogenesis of abnormal uterine bleeding?

BACKGROUND: Abnormal uterine bleeding is commonly associated with progestin-only contraceptives, including depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), and remains the main reason why these agents are discontinued. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), enzymes which degrade specific extracellular matrix components, and leukocytes are implicated in menstruation. Alteration in endometrial MMP-9 and leukocytes has been described in users of other progestin-only contraceptives, suggesting a potential role in the pathogenesis of abnormal uterine bleeding. METHODS: This study describes the immunohistochemical localization of MMP-9, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3, and leukocytes [CD3+ T lymphocytes, CD68+ macrophages and CD56+ uterine natural killer cells (uNK cells)] in the endometrium of women using DMPA. Comparison is made with perimenstrual endometria from normal cycling women. RESULTS: Similar to the perimenstrual period, an influx of MMP-9 positive cells (identified as neutrophils and CD3+ T cells on the basis of dual immunofluorescence), macrophages and uNK cells was observed in the endometrium of DMPA users. However, significantly more endometrial T lymphocytes were observed in DMPA users. Immunoreactive TIMP, present in all endometrial compartments, demonstrated a significantly decreased immunostaining intensity score in endometrial epithelium (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2), stroma (TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3), endothelium (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) and vascular smooth muscle (TIMP-1) of DMPA users compared with controls. No correlation was observed between the parameters studied and bleeding patterns reported by subjects. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide additional evidence for the importance of the MMP/TIMP balance in the loss/maintenance of endometrial integrity and in the complex pathological mechanisms involved in the troubling side-effect of menstrual bleeding disturbance.     

Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) with conjugated oral equine estrogen: a successful regimen for HRT in perimenopausal women

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to assess the long-term efficacy (5 years) of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) in protecting the endometrium from hyperplasia during estrogen replacement therapy in perimenopausal women. METHODS: Prospective, open, outpatient clinical trial in London and Oxford. Eighty-two women received oral conjugated equine estrogen 1.25 mg daily and LNG-IUS releasing 20 mug levonorgestrel per 24 h. Endometrial biopsy and histological assessment were performed annually. Endometrial thickness was measured by vaginal ultrasonography. RESULTS: Non-proliferative endometrium was present at the end of cycles 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 in 98.6, 98.6, 95.5, 96.8 and 95.2% of the participants respectively. No endometrial hyperplasias were confirmed throughout a period of 60 cycles. The proportion of amenorrhoeic women increased from 54.4% at 12 cycles to 92.7% at the end of the study. The continuation rate per 100 women at 60 cycles was 79.84 (95% CI 71.0-88.6). CONCLUSIONS: The LNG-IUS with estrogen supplementation in perimenopausal women suppresses endometrial proliferation resulting in amenorrhoea and relieves vasomotor symptoms. The treatment regimen is well tolerated and provides an alternative strategy for perimenopausal women with the likelihood of increasing compliance.     

Pyogenic granuloma: an unrecognized cause of gastrointestinal bleeding

Pyogenic granuloma is a lobular capillary hemangioma that mostly occurs on the skin, but it is also encountered on the mucosal surface of the oral cavity. Only a few cases in other parts of the digestive tract have been reported in Japanese patients. In this report, two Caucasian patients are described, who presented with gastrointestinal bleeding due to the presence of a pyogenic granuloma. One was located in the distal esophagus and could be treated with local excision and laser-photocoagulation therapy. The other one was located in the small intestine and was removed by surgical resection. Although extremely rare, pyogenic granuloma as a cause of gastrointestinal bleeding needs consideration. The lesion is benign, presumably reactive and can be adequately treated by excision or laser photocoagulation. Immunohistochemistry and/or polymerase chain reaction for herpesvirus 8 can reliably distinguish pyogenic granuloma from Kaposis sarcoma, an important differential diagnosis.     

Long-term periodontal status of labially erupted canines following orthodontic treatment

Periodontal status was studied at the mesiobuccal, midbuccal and distobuccal aspects of contralateral pairs of canines in 22 postorthodontic patients aged 30 to 51 years with a mean time of 26.4 years (SD, 5.6) out of active treatment. The pretreatment models showed one canine erupting severely to the labial ("ectopic") with a contralateral canine in good arch alignment (control). None of the patients experienced relapse of the "ectopic" canine in a labial direction, and none had missing teeth, malalignment, overhanging restorations or open tooth contacts adjacent to the canines evaluated. Periodontal parameters were examined using a Michigan #0 probe with Williams markings. A nonstandardized light force was used and the measurements were rounded to the nearest millimeter. The results demonstrated statistically significant differences between the canines in probing attachment and bone levels (mean, 0.75; SD, 0.92; P less than 0.01) and width of attached gingiva (mean, 0.50; SD, 1.07; p less than 0.05) at the midbuccal aspects. The reason for these differences could only be speculated upon.     

胃镜治疗与内科治疗对消化性溃疡出血的应用效果比较分析

目的:探究胃镜治疗与内科治疗对消化性溃疡出血的应用效果对比。方法:在2018年9月~2019年9月这个时间段中,选取本院收治的45例消化性溃疡出血患者作为本次研究的观察组,给予胃镜治疗;同期选取本院收治的45例消化性溃疡出血患者作为本次研究的对照组,给予内科治疗;对两组疗效进行对比。结果:观察组治疗总有效率(95.6%)显著高于对照组(77.8%),有统计学意义,P<0.05。观察组住院时间、止血时间与再次出血率均优于对照组,P<0.05。结论:在消化性溃疡出血患者中采用胃镜治疗的效果优于内科治疗效果,且止血效果较好,促使患者尽早康复,在临床上的应用价值较高。     

急诊内镜与择期内镜对急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的临床价值对比

目的:对比急诊内镜与择期内镜对急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血(ANVUGIB)的临床价值。方法:选择2018年5月~2019年4月169例ANVUGIB患者,按内镜诊疗时间的不同将其分为两组:急诊内镜组(n=85)与择期内镜组(n=84)。比较急诊内镜与择期内镜对ANVUGIB病因的检出率及治疗效果。结果:急诊内镜明确检出病因81例(95.3%),未能明确病因4例(4.7%),择期内镜明确检出病因73例(86.9%),未能明确病因11例(13.1%),急诊内镜对ANVUGIB病因的检出率明显高于择期内镜(P<0.05)。急诊内镜止血成功82例(96.5%),再次出血4例(4.7%),转手术1例(1.2%);择期内镜止血成功75例(89.3%),再次出血9例(10.7%),转手术5例(6.0%);急诊内镜止血成功率明显高于择期内镜(P<0.05)。结论:对于ANVUGIB应早期行急诊内镜,不仅能及时明确病因,还能有效提高止血成功率。     

产科急症子宫切除术16例分析

回顾分析近12a产科急症子宫切除术16例,16例均为子宫出血,其中剖宫产13例,阴道产3例,子宫出血的主要原因是各种胎盘异常,其发生与多次流产及宫腔操作史有关,阴道产后子宫切除失血量往往多于剖宫产者,提示在产后血失代偿期经导迅速治疗处理后,子宫出血仍不能有效控制,应当机立断行子宫切除术,以挽救产妇的生命。     

新生儿硬肿症播散性血管内凝血和肺出血的研究及其临床意义

目的 :探讨不同病情硬肿症播散性血管内凝血 (DIC)的出凝血功能改变 ,为合理治疗提供理论依据。方法 :比较观察组 10 0例和对照组 5 0例 5项出凝血指标检测结果。结果 :观察组不同病情之间比较 :凝血酶原时间 ,3P试验 ,血小板计数和外周血红细胞形态无显著性差异 (P均 >0 0 5 ) ;试管法凝血时间比较 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。观察组与对照组 5项指标比较有非常显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :新生儿硬肿症存在播散性血管内凝血的出凝血功能改变 ,病情越重改变越明显 ,越易合并DIC、肺出血 ,病死率也越高 ,硬肿症早期血液多呈现高凝状态 ,DIC的晚期多呈现低凝状态。早期肝素治疗 ,不仅可改变血液的出凝血状态 (高凝状态 ) ,而且是防治DIC ,肺出血 ,提高治愈率的有效途径。治疗硬肿症加强综合支持疗法 ,尤其是维持内环境稳定纠正酸中毒切不可忽视 ,否则肝素在酸性环境中灭活失效     

食管静脉曲张出血3种治疗方法的成本效果分析

目的　对比 3种疗法治疗食管静脉曲张出血 (EVB)的临床成本 /效果。方法　 98例EVB分为 3组 ,36例给予垂体后叶素 (0 .2～ 0 .4u·min-1,共 2d)联用硝苯啶 (垂体组 )、30例给予施他宁 (2 5 0 μg·h-1,共 2d) (施他宁组 ) ,32例给予硬化剂治疗 (硬化剂组 ) ,并对 3组成本和效果进行分析。结果　垂体组、施他宁组和硬化剂组 2 4h内有效止血分别为 32例 (88.89% )、2 7例 (90 .0 0 % )和 2 8例 (87.5 0 % ) ,各组间比较无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;平均输血量垂体组与硬化剂组、施他宁组与硬化剂组间比较均差异性显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;3d和 7d再出血率各组间比较无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;成本 /效果比值 (C/E)垂体组明显低于施他宁组和硬化剂组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　垂体后叶素联用硝苯啶不但安全有效 ,相比更经济 ,应为治疗EVB紧急止血的一线药物