Synthesis of S‐thiomethyl DMSA and S‐thiomethyl ECD,radiolabelling with technetium‐99m and biological evaluation

Protection of the thiolate function of dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and ethylenedi‐l ‐cysteine diethyl ester (ECD) by S‐thiomethylation allowed automatic deprotection during technetium‐99m (^99mTc) radiolabelling by direct reduction with stannous chloride dihydrate. Protection of the free thiolate group increased the stability of the ligands as well as deprotection during complexation, which resulted in the desired radiopharmaceuticals. The complexes obtained from the protected ligands were chromatographically (HPLC) and biologically compared with the corresponding ^99mTc complexes of the unprotected ligands. The results suggest that the aforementioned method of protection by S‐thiomethylation could be utilized for the development of single‐vial DMSA and ECD kit. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

‘If your husband doesn't humiliate you,other people won't’: Gendered attitudes towards sexual violence in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

More than a decade of fighting in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has resulted in extensive human rights abuses, of which sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) is one of the most salient and disturbing features. This paper uses qualitative data, based on 10 focus groups with 86 women and men to better understand gendered community perspectives on SGBV and its consequences in South Kivu. We conclude that for many survivors, rape has consequences far beyond the physiological and psychological trauma associated with the attack. Respondents say sexual violence has become a societal phenomenon, in which the community isolation and shame experienced as a result of the attack become as important as concerns about the attack itself. Male focus group participants explain their own feelings of shame and anger associated with knowing their female relatives were raped. These findings highlight the complexity of community reintegration for survivors and identify a number of programmatic and policy implications, such as the need for counselling for survivors of sexual violence with their families as well as individually; the importance of income-generating training; and the need for improved justice mechanisms to bring perpetrators to justice.     

Contributions to the Study of Immediate and Early X-ray Reactions with Regard to Chemoprotection

Summary

Irradiation causes atheromatotic changes in the coronary arteries, leading to occlusion of these vessels. In two out of ten animals, E.C.G. changes were found, which were characteristic for a myocardial infarct. This was confirmed at necropsy. One example is given of a young patient in whom radiotherapy was the cause of fatal pulmonary and myocardial fibrosis.     

Consumer Health Resources for Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups

Culturally appropriate health materials for consumers can be difficult to identify. Many federal resources exist to help support minority health initiatives. In addition, national nonprofit organizations and state agencies provide materials to address the health needs of African Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, Asian Americans, American Indians/Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders. This listing offers an initial list of primary resources that librarians can use to address consumer health inquiries from the public.     

Involving children and young people in clinical research through the forum of a European Young Persons’ Advisory Group: needs and challenges

Children and young people are seen as fundamental to the design and delivery of clinical research as active and reflective participants. In Europe, involvement of children and young people in clinical research is promoted extensively in order to engage young people in research as partners and to give them a voice to raise their own issues or opinions and for their involvement in planning and decision making in addition to learning research skills. Children and young people can be trained in clinical research through participation in young person advisory groups (YPAGs). Members of YPAGs assist other children and young people to learn about clinical research and share their experience and point of view with researchers, thereby possibly influencing all phases of research including the development and prioritization of research questions, design and methods, recruitment plans, and strategies for results dissemination. In the long term, the expansion of YPAGs in Europe will serve as a driving force for refining pediatric clinical research. It will help in a better definition of research projects according to the patients’ needs. Furthermore, direct engagement of children and young people in research will be favorable to both researchers and young people.     

数字化曲面体层标记位点放大率的实验研究

目的:探讨数字化曲面体层(PTG)的标记位点放大率。方法:以曲面体层机颏托上的U型标记杆及以干燥下颌骨的正常摆放位置为参照,将种植用钢珠按牙弓形态进行唇舌向网点式排布,进行位点设置,按1-8区牙位排列放置钢珠,类似同心圆状辐射排列,位点间距10mm,逐点拍摄,进行投照后在PACS上高清晰显示屏进行测量所得图像的水平向及垂直向数值,对图像进行分析,得出放大率,再进行部位分析,构建体层域。结果:水平向放大率较垂直向为显著,U型标记杆覆盖范围为前牙及双尖牙区,其唇侧水平向放大率均小于1,舌侧水平向放大率均大于1,后磨牙区图像垂直向与水平向均为放大。结论:不同位置的钢珠图像放大率不同,坐标相交点即为同等放大率位置,即位于体层域中心,体层域为显示图像较为真实的扫描区域,体层域唇侧图像水平向缩窄舌侧图像水平向放大,而垂直向均显示放大,变化倍率以水平向为显著(P<0.01),以此来指导临床上对曲面体层片的判读。     

Knowledge needs and the ‘savvy’ child: teenager perspectives on banning food marketing to children

Food marketing to children is a powerful factor in the health of young people. In Canada, one proposed measure to protect young people is to ban all food and beverage marketing to children under age 13. Since policy initiatives should consider the voices of those directly impacted, we conducted focus groups with teenagers aged 12–14 – precisely those individuals who would be directly impacted by, or just over, the age threshold proposed. The majority of teenagers consulted were opposed to a ban on food marketing, framing food marketing as a way to meet their consumer needs. Such perspectives mirror the arguments made by the food industry, and suggest that teenagers’ self-identification as consumers trump questions of ethics or public health. Even though teenagers argue that marketing is often misleading, they do not view regulation as a solution – a view troubled by the fact that many of the teenagers underestimated their own vulnerability to marketing. The research points to the need for a more complex understanding of how food marketing messages are understood by teenagers, for a more robust media literacy education, and for the need to engage – not ignore – young people when it comes to issues of public health.