2017—2019年攀枝花市某医院心血管疾病住院患者疾病谱及住院费用分析

目的 分析心血管疾病住院患者疾病谱及住院费用,了解疾病构成的规律特点及经济负担,为心内科疾病诊治工作提供参考依据。方法 回顾性分析攀枝花市某三级医院2017—2019年心血管疾病住院患者资料,从医院相关管理信息系统中导出诊断为心血管疾病的病例条目、详细病历及病例住院费用等数据,采用描述流行病学分析方法对心血管疾病住院患者资料进行分析。结果 共纳入心血管疾病住院患者11 376例,2017—2019年分别有3 492、3 815、4 069例,分别占30.7%、33.5%、35.8%,病例数逐年上升。3年间心血管疾病住院患者的性别分布差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,年龄分布差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）,心血管疾病住院患者发病呈年轻化趋势。病种均以冠心病和高血压所占比例最大,合计分别占当年心血管疾病住院患者的57.6%、55.5%,2019年则上升至62.8%。3年间心血管疾病住院患者有伴发疾病比例（27.6%、26.1%、25.4%）差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。心血管疾病住院患者住院天数分布差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）,2019年的患者住院时间<7 d的比例有所上升。2017、2018、2019年该医院心血管疾病住院患者诊治自费费用分别为（5 925.6±285.7）、（5 904.2±264.3）、（5 890.9±230.8）元/人,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论 2017—2019年攀枝花市某医院心血管疾病住院患者病例数增加,住院患者发病年龄有年轻化趋势,主要病种仍以冠心病和高血压为主,住院天数及自费费用呈下降趋势。     

广州市越秀区托幼机构流感样病例暴发疫情经济负担评估和流感疫苗卫生经济学评价

目的 对广州市越秀区学龄前儿童的流感经济负担进行评估,并针对流感疫苗开展卫生经济学评价,为制定免疫规划策略提供依据。方法 以广州市越秀区托幼机构2019年1—6月发生的9起流感样病例暴发疫情的患病儿童为研究对象,采用问卷调查的方式开展经济负担评估,并以其中1起暴发疫情为基础建立SEIAR动力学模型,模拟不同接种策略下的疫情趋势,评价其经济学效益。结果 患病儿童总经济负担人均1 293.56（95% UI:1 096.23~1 592.84）元,其中直接医疗费用人均422.56（95% UI:320.71~555.29）元,直接非医疗费用人均125.95（95% UI:82.41~188.80）元,间接经济损失人均797.03（95% UI:661.50~938.76）元。在流行季前接种1剂次三价流感疫苗,每投入226.19元,可减少1例流感病例,每投入1元,可获得5.72元效益;接种2剂次三价流感疫苗,每投入178.77元,可减少1例流感病例,每投入1元,可获得7.24元效益;接种四价流感疫苗,每投入315.83元,可减少1例流感病例,每投入1元,可获得4.10元效益。结论 广州市越秀区托幼机构流感样病例暴发疫情经济负担较高,如在流行季前接种2剂次三价流感疫苗,可以获得正效益和最好的效益成本比。     

2型糖尿病患者自我管理、饮食依从性、心理负担与血糖水平的相关研究

目的 了解2型糖尿病患者的自我管理知识态度行为、饮食依从性、心理负担的现状,探讨其与血糖水平之间的关联。 方法 采用随机抽样法选取2019年9月—2020年10月在潍坊市某三甲医院就诊的2型糖尿病患者330例为调查对象,应用一般资料调查表、人体指标检测表、糖尿病患者自我管理知识态度行为评价简化量表、糖尿病患者饮食行为依从性测评量表、糖尿病痛苦量表进行问卷调查,采用二元logistic回归分析自我管理、饮食依从性、心理负担的影响因素,应用Spearman相关分析自我管理、饮食依从性、心理负担的相关性,采用多重线性逐步回归分析血糖水平的影响因素。结果 330例研究对象中HbA1c<7%者共99例(30.00%),自我管理合格、饮食依从性合格、略微心理负担者分别为184、189、150例(占比:55.76%、57.27%、45.45%)。二元logistic回归分析结果显示,居住地(OR=0.495,95%CI:0.280～0.874)、病程(OR=1.771,95%CI:1.421～2.206)、因糖尿病住院次数(OR=2.481,95%CI:1.396～4.408)、是否接受过专业系统宣教(OR=3.649,95%CI:1.239～10.751)、药物饮食运动联合控制(OR=4.354,95%CI:2.419～7.838)是自我管理的影响因素;年龄(OR=1.525,95%CI:1.119～2.078)、性别(OR=2.543,95%CI:1.465～4.415)、是否接受过专业系统宣教(OR=3.085,95%CI:1.368～6.960)、药物饮食运动联合控制(OR=11.910,95%CI:6.323～22.432)是饮食依从性的影响因素;年龄(OR=0.739,95%CI:0.559～0.979)、病程(OR=0.543,95%CI:0.449～0.657)是心理负担的影响因素。自我管理与饮食依从性、与心理负担,饮食依从性与心理负担相关(r=0.586、-0.443、-0.168,P<0.05)。多重线性逐步回归分析结果显示,饮食依从性、握力、药物饮食运动联合控制、心理负担是2型糖尿病患者血糖水平的影响因素(P<0.05)。 结论 2型糖尿病患者血糖水平与饮食依从性、心理负担、联合控制方式等密切相关;制定综合防控措施,着力提高饮食依从性,提升握力水平,有助于糖尿病患者维持良好的血糖水平。     

我国家庭医生服务签约意愿相关因素的Meta分析

目的探讨我国家庭医生服务签约意愿的相关因素,为家庭医生服务实践提供参考。方法检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、中国知网数据库（CNKI）、万方数据库、维普期刊数据库中公开收录的关于我国家庭医生服务签约意愿的横断面研究,提取相关数据后运用Stata 15软件进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入21篇文献,累计调查人数23 727人,签约家庭医生服务12 328人,签约率为51.96%。Meta分析显示,年龄≥60岁、有医疗保险、有婚姻史、有慢病、知晓家庭医生签约服务、接受社区首诊是家庭医生服务签约意愿的促进因素,民族为汉族、自评健康状况好或者一般是家庭医生服务签约意愿的阻碍因素。结论我国家庭医生服务签约仍有进一步发展空间,对于汉族、自评健康状况好或者一般的人群需要采取更多的鼓励措施。     

Estimate of Burden and Direct Healthcare Cost of Infectious Waterborne Disease in the United States

Provision of safe drinking water in the United States is a great public health achievement. However, new waterborne disease challenges have emerged (e.g., aging infrastructure, chlorine-tolerant and biofilm-related pathogens, increased recreational water use). Comprehensive estimates of the health burden for all water exposure routes (ingestion, contact, inhalation) and sources (drinking, recreational, environmental) are needed. We estimated total illnesses, emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, deaths, and direct healthcare costs for 17 waterborne infectious diseases. About 7.15 million waterborne illnesses occur annually (95% credible interval [CrI] 3.88 million–12.0 million), results in 601,000 ED visits (95% CrI 364,000–866,000), 118,000 hospitalizations (95% CrI 86,800–150,000), and 6,630 deaths (95% CrI 4,520–8,870) and incurring US $3.33 billion (95% CrI 1.37 billion–8.77 billion) in direct healthcare costs. Otitis externa and norovirus infection were the most common illnesses. Most hospitalizations and deaths were caused by biofilm-associated pathogens (nontuberculous mycobacteria, Pseudomonas, Legionella), costing US $2.39 billion annually.     

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Suicidal Behaviors Among Youth: The Buffering Influence of Family Communication and School Connectedness

PurposeThe main objectives of this study were to determine (1) whether family communication and school connectedness offer protection against suicidal behaviors in the presence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs; direct protective effect) and (2) whether family communication or school connectedness buffer the association between ACEs and suicidal behaviors (interacting protective effect) on the multiplicative and additive scales.MethodsData were obtained from a western state's 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey that included 5,341 middle school and 4,980 high school participants. Generalized linear models were used to estimate whether family communication and school connectedness offered direct protection against suicidal behaviors or buffered the association between ACEs and suicidal behaviors using adjusted prevalence ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals.ResultsFamily communication and school connectedness offered direct protection against suicidal behaviors in the presence of ACEs (a 1-unit higher score was associated with a 32%–42% lower prevalence of suicidal behaviors for middle school youth and a 27%–39% lower prevalence of suicidal behaviors for high school youth). There was evidence that family communication and school connectedness buffered the association between ACEs and suicidal behaviors on the multiplicative scale.ConclusionsThe findings provide support for the development and implementation of interventions that build family communication and school connectedness to reduce suicidal behaviors. Furthermore, screening for trauma and suicidal behaviors is warranted.     

石家庄市居民慢性阻塞性肺疾病检出情况及影响因素研究

目的探讨石家庄市居民慢性阻塞性肺疾病检出情况及影响因素。方法2021年9—12月采用整群随机抽样方法抽取石家庄市3个社区,对抽中社区的所有居民进行问卷调查和肺功能检查。利用描述流行病学方法分析社区人群慢性阻塞性肺疾病患病现状。应用单、多因素方法分析影响慢性阻塞性肺疾病发生的危险因素。结果共2348名居民完成问卷调查和肺功能检查,其中男1205人,占51.32%,女1143人,占48.68%,年龄31~76岁。共有146例检出慢性阻塞性肺疾病,检出率为6.22%,其中轻度69例,占47.26%,中度54例,占36.99%,重度23例,占15.75%,未检出极重度者。检出来的症状分布中,以咳嗽及咳痰的比例较高,分别为52.05%(76例)和49.32%(72例)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示年龄≥40岁(OR=1.705、1.936)、男性(OR=3.404)、居住在农村(OR=2.469)、偶尔或经常吸烟(OR=1.592、1.800)、有职业粉尘接触史(OR=2.179)、有哮喘家族史(OR=3.164)、有慢性阻塞性肺疾病家族史(OR=5.170)、有呼吸道反复感染史(OR=3.414)是石家庄市居民慢性阻塞性肺病患病的影响因素。结论石家庄市居民的慢性阻塞性肺疾病患病情况不容乐观,且危险因素众多。重点针对中老年、吸烟、农村、有各种相关家族史的男性高危人群开展早期筛查和采取针对性干预措施,有助于对居民慢性阻塞性肺疾病进行防控。     

1990—2019年中国丙型病毒性肝炎疾病负担评估

 目的 分析1990—2019年中国丙型病毒性肝炎疾病负担变化趋势与流行现状,为推动消除丙型病毒性肝炎行动提供科学依据。方法 利用2019全球疾病负担研究(GBD 2019)数据,分析中国人群丙型病毒性肝炎发病、患病、伤残调整生命年(DALY)及寿命损失年(YLL)的30年变化趋势与现状,应用GraphPad Prism 8.0作图。结果 2019年,中国丙型病毒性肝炎疾病总负担之标化DALY率约101/10万人年;急性丙型病毒性肝炎标化发病率约47/10万;丙型病毒性肝炎相关慢性肝病的发病率高峰在40~44岁,标化患病率约1 247/10万。1990—2019年,丙型病毒性肝炎总标化发病率和标化患病率均于2015年降到波谷,之后4年急转上升;标化DALY率30年持续下降。结论 丙型病毒性肝炎疾病负担以丙型病毒性肝炎相关慢性肝病为主;因直接抗病毒药物治疗周期短、疗效好,建议加大宣传力度,加强丙型病毒性肝炎筛查,推进健康中国建设。     

Short sleep duration at night in 2.5-year-old children is associated with childhood obesity at age 5.5 years: The Japanese children cohort study

BackgroundObesity in children contributes to higher risks of various chronic diseases in adulthood and the prevalence has increased worldwide including Japan.ObjectivesThis study aims to examine the association between sleep duration at night in children aged 2.5 years and the subsequent risk of obesity at age 5.5 years.MethodsThis study is embedded in the Longitudinal Survey on Babies Born in the 21st Century, which recruited families who had a child born in Japan in 2001. The multivariable logistic regression models were applied to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) of childhood obesity at 5.5 years, defined as percentage of overweight (POW) ≥ 20 % and body mass index (BMI) ≥ 95th percentile of this study population according to sleep duration at night collected at 2.5 years child age.ResultsAmong 25,378 children, 2.6 % and 3.7 % were obese at age 5.5 years defined by POW and BMI respectively. Compared with night sleep duration > 11 h/d, shorter sleep durations in 2.5 years-old children were associated with higher risk of obesity at 5.5 years; the multivariable ORs (95 %CI) were 1.05 (0.81–1.35), 1.23 (0.93–1.62) and 1.54 (1.04–2.31) for sleep duration 10, 9 and ≤ 8 h/d, respectively; p-trend = 0.03. The observed association differed according to the children (child’s sex, napping habits, and children frequently play at park), and family characteristics (mother’s age at delivery and mother’s level of education).ConclusionShort night sleep duration among girls aged 2.5 years was associated with risk of obesity at age 5.5 years, suggesting the importance of sufficient sleep duration at night for the prevention of obesity.     

儿童心理问题的家庭治疗原则与策略

儿童心理问题的常规治疗包括心理治疗和药物治疗,但是两者具有一定的局限性和社会不适性。家庭对儿童的成长具有重大影响,也是儿童出现心理问题的重要源头,所以家庭的介入对于心理问题儿童的治疗非常关键。家庭治疗的主要原则包括培养儿童的独立性、解决儿童与外界之间的冲突以及重视家庭成员间的和谐关系。家庭治疗所采取的策略主要是转变家庭内部态度、重视家庭的整体性、心理治疗和家庭治疗的互相配合以及对医学诊断的重视。在专业医学诊断指导下,通过家庭介入传统的心理治疗,从而更好地改善儿童所面临的心理问题。本文回顾了现有的儿童心理问题的研究成果,强调了家庭对儿童心理问题的影响,总结了儿童心理问题的家庭治疗原则和策略。