Acute and chronic cough

Individuals are generally content to self-medicate for acute cough. It is only when the cough becomes persistent that they seek medical assistance. It is not known why patients cough in association with an acute upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), although interest has focused on how viruses may influence airway sensory nerve function and contribute to heightened cough reflex sensitivity. Why some patients develop a persistent cough following a viral URTI is also unclear. Much more is known about the causes and aggravants of chronic cough although there is no broad agreement as to the best way to manage such patients. Asthma, upper gastrointestinal dysfunction and rhinitis are frequently associated with chronic cough, although the impact of cough in suppurative lung disease and interstitial lung fibrosis is rarely considered. The development of effective treatments for cough remains a challenge and will require co-operation between clinicians, scientists and the pharmaceutical industry.     

半夏-陈皮“异病同治”咳嗽和冠心病的网络药理学作用机制研究

目的：通过网络药理学探讨中药药对半夏-陈皮治疗咳嗽、冠心病的分子机制,以探究该药对“异病同治”的共同作用机制。方法：从TCMSP、BATMAN-TCM数据库得出半夏-陈皮的活性成分及潜在靶标,从DisGeNET 、OMIM、Drug Bank数据库得出与咳嗽、冠心病相关的疾病基因,并与半夏-陈皮潜在靶标进行映射,得出药对治疗两种疾病的共同靶标,将其输入String数据库及DAVID数据库,分别构建PPI网络、GO分析及KEGG PATHWAY分析。将半夏-陈皮治疗咳嗽、冠心病的活性成分及疾病基因输入Cytoscape软件,分别构建半夏-陈皮治疗咳嗽、冠心病的“活性成分-靶标”网络图。结果:研究发现半夏-陈皮治疗咳嗽的基因有49个、有效成分69个,治疗冠心病的基因有342个,有效成分87个,其中治疗两种疾病的交集靶标共有24个。构建PPI网络发现,交集靶标中排名前3的靶标蛋白为IL1B、TNF、CXCL8。DAVID分析发现,治疗咳嗽的作用机制与TNF通路、T细胞受体信号通路、Toll样受体通路等25个通路相关。药对治疗冠心病的主要通路涉及HIF-1通路、TNF通路、AMPK通路等127个通路。“异病同治”的主要信号通路涉及NOD样受体信号通路、TNF通路、NF-κB通路、TGF-β等30个信号通路相关。结论：通过此次分析发现,半夏-陈皮药对“异病同治”的作用机制可能与作用NOD样受体信号通路、TNF通路、NF-κB通路、TGF-β等炎症相关通路。     

The Japanese respiratory society guidelines for the management of cough and sputum (digest edition)

Cough and sputum are common complaints at outpatient visits. In this digest version, we provide a general overview of these two symptoms and discuss the management of acute (up to three weeks) and prolonged/chronic cough (longer than three weeks). Flowcharts are provided, along with a step-by-step explanation of their diagnosis and management. Most cases of acute cough are due to an infection. In chronic respiratory illness, a cough could be a symptom of a respiratory infection such as pulmonary tuberculosis, malignancy such as a pulmonary tumor, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, drug-induced lung injury, heart failure, nasal sinus disease, sinobronchial syndrome, eosinophilic sinusitis, cough variant asthma (CVA), atopic cough, chronic laryngeal allergy, gastroesophageal reflux (GER), and post-infectious cough. Antibiotics should not be prescribed for over-peak cough but can be considered for atypical infections. The exploration of a single/major cause is recommended for persistent/chronic cough. When sputum is present, a sputum smear/culture (general bacteria, mycobacteria), cytology, cell differentiation, chest computed tomography (CT), and sinus X-ray or CT should be performed. There are two types of rhinosinusitis. Conventional sinusitis and eosinophilic rhinosinusitis present primarily with neutrophilic inflammation and eosinophilic inflammation, respectively. The most common causes of dry cough include CVA, atopic cough/laryngeal allergy (chronic), GER, and post-infectious cough. In the last chapter, future challenges and perspectives are discussed. We hope that the clarification of the pathology of cough hypersensitivity syndrome will lead to further development of “pathology-specific non-specific therapeutic drugs” and provide benefits to patients with chronic refractory cough.     

吸入用布地奈德混悬液联合氯雷他定治疗咳嗽变异性哮喘的临床分析

目的 探讨吸入用布地奈德混悬液联合氯雷他定治疗咳嗽变异性哮喘(cough variant asthma,CVA)的临床疗效.方法 选择云南省第三人民医院201 1年1月至2013年12月收治的80例咳嗽变异性哮喘患者为观察对象,随机将其分为对照组和实验组,对照组接受吸入用布地奈德混悬液吸入治疗,实验组患者在此基础上接受氯雷他定片治疗,对比2组患者临床疗效.结果 实验组患者治疗后各指标均显著优于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 吸入用布地奈德混悬液联合氯雷他定治疗咳嗽变异性哮喘具有较为满意的临床疗效,因而临床应用价值较高.     

Reliability and Validity of a Korean Version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire

Purpose

There are no specific tools for measurement of the severity of chronic cough in Korea. We developed a Korean version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) and tested its scaling and clinical properties.

Methods

The LCQ was adapted for Korean conditions following a forward-backward translation procedure. All patients referred to chronic cough clinics at 5 university hospitals between May 2011 and October 2013 completed 2 questionnaires, the LCQ and the Short-Form 36 (SF-36), upon presentation and completed the LCQ and the Global Rating of Change (GRC) upon follow-up visits after 2 or 4 weeks. Concurrent validation, internal consistency, repeatability, and responsiveness were determined.

Results

For the concurrent validation, the correlation coefficients (n=202 patients) between the LCQ and SF-36 varied between 0.42 and 0.58. The internal consistency of the LCQ (n=207) was high for each of the domains with a Cronbach''s alpha coefficient of 0.82-0.94. The repeatability of the LCQ in patients with no change in cough (n=23) was high, with intra-class correlation coefficients of 0.66-0.81. Patients who reported an improvement in cough (n=30) on follow-up visits demonstrated significant improvement in each of the domains of the LCQ.

Conclusions

The Korean version of the LCQ is a valid and reliable questionnaire for measurement of the severity of cough in patients with chronic cough.     

基于数据挖掘探讨宋康教授辨治CVA用药规律

目的：收集整理宋康教授辨治咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）医案,通过统计分析及数据挖掘的方法,探索总结其临床经验及用药规律。方法：本研究采用回顾性研究方法,收集宋康教授2015年1月1日至2017年12月31日期间门诊诊断为CVA的病案,根据纳入标准及排除标准,结合随访资料,建立病案数据库。通过一般情况分析,高频药物分布,关联规则分析,系统聚类分析及Liquorice复杂网络分析,挖掘高频药物及其分布规律,核心药对和药组,核心方,整理总结宋康教授临证经验。结果：通过对325份医案的数据挖掘分析,获得宋康教授治疗CVA的30味高频药物,6对核心药对,4组核心药组,839条关联规则,1个核心方。结论：宋康教授治疗CVA,基于“风咳”理论,以祛风、化痰、清肺、平肝为主,补益脾胃为辅,五脏辨咳,治以复法,擅用药对,精于配伍。     

呼出气一氧化氮与咳嗽变异性哮喘患者预后的相关性研究

目的探讨呼出气一氧化氮（FeNO）与咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）预后的关系。方法 纳入2016 年12 月～2018 年12 月于我科就诊的咳嗽变异性哮喘患者108 例为研究对象,根据FeNO 值将108 例患者分为高水平组50 例（FeNO≥50 ppb）和低水平组58 例（FeNO＜50 ppb）,治疗前行肺功能检查,两组均经吸入布地奈德福莫特罗160/4.5 μg 1 吸,1 天2 次,规律治疗12 周,治疗后采用电话随访及门诊访视,比较两组第12 周ACT 问卷、1 年内CVA 进展转化为典型哮喘及急性发作收入住院治疗百分率和1 年后的肺功能结果。结果 排除失访的8 例,最终纳入100 例CVA 患者,FeNO 高水平组与FeNO 低水平组进展转化为典型哮喘百分率比较,差异有统计学意义（χ2=7.862,P＜0.05）;两组完全控制百分率比较,差异有统计学意义（χ2=5.769,P＜0.05）;FeNO 高水平组治疗前后小气道功能,包括MEF75%、MEF50%、MEF25%,差异有统计学意义（t=2.561,P=0.015;t=2.268,P=0.021;t=2.152,P=0.035）。结论 FeNO高水平组与FeNO 低水平组相比1 年内转化为典型哮喘比率升高,治疗12 周后哮喘完全控制率升高,1 年后肺功能小气道功能指标得到改善。提示呼出气一氧化氮水平与咳嗽变异性哮喘预后有密切关系,有临床应用价值。     

肉桂醛咳嗽激发试验方法的建立及评价

目的 探讨肉桂醛咳嗽激发试验的方法.方法 采用吸气触发的定量吸入,对35名健康志愿者及25例咳嗽患者行肉桂醛咳嗽激发试验.受试者初步吸入雾化浓度倍增（50,100,200,400,800 mmol/L）的肉桂醛溶液,记录测试期间咳嗽次数.诱发产生≥2和≥5次咳嗽的浓度（C2,C5）,用比对数值lg C2和lg C5来判断咳嗽反应的敏感性,并测定受试者前、后肺功能.结果 所有受试者中仅1名出现轻微不适,有恶心感.两组受试者咳嗽激发前、后肺通气指标FEV1、FVC、FEV1/FVC,{[（3.35±0.53） L,（3.35±0.52）L],[（2.76±0.82） L,（2.71±0.73）L]},{[（3.72±0.70） L,（3.71±0.71）L],[（3.30±0.78） L,（3.29±0.76）L]},{[（90.6±5.42）％,（90.9±4.92）％],[（83.6±4.45）％,（82.4＋5.04）％]},差异无统计学意义（P值均＞0.05）.咳嗽敏感性lg C2和lg C5值分别为[2.48±0.43,2.72±0.35].结合本实验实际吸入浓度,估计肉桂醛咳嗽敏感性正常参考值C2≥200 mmol/L,C5≥400 mmol/L.咳嗽敏感性lg C2和lg C5与性别差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论定量吸入肉桂醛咳嗽激发试验,对正常咳嗽敏感性的建立有参考意义.     

诱导痰液分析对咳嗽变异性哮喘患者的诊断价值研究

目的 探讨诱导痰液分析在咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)中的临床诊断价值.方法 选取我院2009年9月-2011年8月79例变异性哮喘患者.采用超声雾化吸入3%～5%的高渗盐水进行诱导排痰,对其痰液进行嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)百分率、肥大细胞(MC)百分率、中性粒细胞(N)及嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白(ECP)等检测,同时对1s用力呼气容积(FEVl)及ls用力呼气占预计值的百分比(FEVl占预计值%)进行测定.结果 其中有35例被临床诊断为CVA,患者的痰液中MC、EC百分率、ECP浓度、FEVl及FEVl占预计值%与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而与典型支气管哮喘组的比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).在进行抗炎治疗之后患者的咳嗽症状很快得到缓解,对痰液中MC、EC百分率、ECP浓度、FEVl及FEVl占预计值%做出复测,结果与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义.结论 通过痰液分析,从实验室角度阐明CVA存在气道炎症,为其诊断和治疗提供了一项可靠的评价指标.