基于Watson关怀理论的系统化导师制培训对培养新护士人文关怀品质的效果评价

目的 :评价以Watson关怀理论为基础的系统化导师制培训对培养新护士人文关怀品质的效果。方法 :以便利抽样的方法选取某三级甲等医院2018年新入职的110名护士作为研究对象,随机分为对照组与实验组(每组各55人)。对照组参加医院常规的人文关怀培训,实验组接受以Watson关怀理论为基础的系统化导师制人文关怀培训,使用护士人文关怀品质量表对两组新护士进行培训前后的问卷调查。结果 :培训后实验组人文关怀品质总分以及理念、能力、感知3个维度得分与培训前的差值同对照组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 :以Watson关怀理论为基础的系统化导师制人文关怀培训有助于加强新护士人文关怀品质的培养,尤其在人文关怀理念、能力、感知3个维度效果显著。     

Social cognitive correlates of device-measured and self-reported physical activity in Black and White individuals with multiple sclerosis

BackgroundThere is increasing research interest regarding physical activity behavior among persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), yet there is little known about physical activity and its correlates in Black persons with MS.ObjectiveThis cross-sectional study assessed associations among social cognitive theory (SCT) variables and device-measured and self-reported physical activity in samples of Black and White persons with MS.MethodsParticipants included 67 Black and 141 White persons with MS who wore an ActiGraph accelerometer on a belt around the waist measuring moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) for seven days and completed a battery of questionnaires. Questionnaires included demographic and clinical characteristics, leisure-time exercise, exercise self-efficacy, overcoming barriers self-efficacy, function, social support, exercise outcome expectations, and goal setting and planning.ResultsBlack participants with MS engaged in significantly less MVPA, but not sedentary behavior or light physical activity, than the White participants with MS. Black participants further had significantly lower levels of exercise self-efficacy and outcome expectations than the White sample. All SCT correlates were significantly correlated with self-reported physical activity, but only exercise and barriers self-efficacy, perceived function, and exercise goal setting were associated with device-measured MVPA. The difference in physical activity between Black and White participants with MS was accounted for by differences in exercise self-efficacy and outcome expectations.ConclusionsResearchers should consider developing behavioral interventions that target exercise self-efficacy and outcome expectations as SCT variables for increasing physical activity in Black persons with MS.     

Reliability and Construct Validity of the Malay Version of Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) for Smoking Cessation

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Malay translated version ofthe Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) intention to quit smoking questionnaire. Methods: A cross-sectional studywas performed involving 185 male smokers. The forward-backward translation procedure was adopted to translate thequestionnaire from English to Malay. The internal consistency and stability were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and acorrelation analysis and Exploratory Factor Analysis was conducted. Result: The translated questionnaire showed goodinternal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.86, 0.64, 0.74 and 0.90 for each of the four respective factors.The test-retest reliability revealed acceptable stability, with Spearman’s correlation coefficients ranging from low tomoderate (r>0.30-0.50) and a satisfactory inter class correlation coefficient (ICCs). The construct validity achieved anacceptable factor loading for each construct which ranged from 0.40 to 0.90. Conclusion: The current study providedpsychometric evidence for an appropriate, reliable and valid tool of TPB Malay version. This questionnaire could beapplied in evaluating smoking cessation interventions in Malaysia.     

江海交汇处区域经济空间结构的重构

运用克里斯塔勒中心地理论和引力模型等分析方法，以长江与南黄海交汇处的南通市为例，分析了以淤泥质海岸为主体江海交会处区域经济空间结构及内部差异形成的要素，以及此类地区沿海区域经济社会发展滞后的动力机制。论证了新一轮沿海开发和空间结构重构中，该类地区以沿江沿路经济轴带为基础，实施陆海统筹、江海陆协同发展的必然性。提出要充分利用原有基础，在不同区域利用各自优势，因地制宜实施发展战略，打造区域经济空间网络结构，实现区域空间均衡发展。力图从一个侧面探讨大的江河与淤泥质海岸交汇处区域发展问题的研究范式。     

The impact of bilateral cerebellar damage on theory of mind,empathy and decision making

The extensive infarction affecting the posterior vermis and the medial and posterior regions of both cerebellar hemispheres, as well as the small central pontine lesion, seems to have disrupted multiple cerebral and brainstem cerebellar loops. These loops process information related to many cognitive domains, behavior and emotion, including decision making, empathy and theory of mind.     

Attachment-related psychodynamics

Because there has been relatively little communication and cross-fertilization between the two major lines of research on adult attachment, one based on coded narrative assessments of defensive processes, the other on simple self-reports of ‘attachment style’ in close relationships, we here explain and review recent work based on a combination of self-report and other kinds of method, including behavioral observations and unconscious priming techniques. The review indicates that considerable progress has been made in testing central hypotheses derived from attachment theory and in exploring unconscious, psychodynamic processes related to affect-regulation and attachment-system activation. The combination of self-report assessment of attachment style and experimental manipulation of other theoretically pertinent variables allows researchers to test causal hypotheses. We present a model of normative and individual-difference processes related to attachment and identify areas in which further research is needed and likely to be successful. One long-range goal is to create a more complete theory of personality built on attachment theory and other object relations theories.     

Fetal testosterone and empathy: Evidence from the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test

Abstract

Empathy involves an understanding of what others are thinking and feeling, and enables us to interact in the social world. According to the Empathizing–Systemizing (E–S) theory, females on average have a stronger drive to empathize than males. This sex difference may in part reflect developmental differences in brain structure and function, which are themselves under the influence of fetal testosterone (fT). Previous studies have found that fT is inversely correlated with social behaviors such as eye contact in infancy, peer relationships in preschoolers, and mentalistic interpretation of animate motion. Male fetuses are exposed to higher levels of testosterone than are female fetuses. The present study investigates empathizing in children, as a function of amniotic measures of fT. One hundred ninety-three mothers of children (100 males, 93 females) aged 6–8 years of age completed children's versions of the Empathy Quotient (EQ-C), and the children themselves were tested on “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Task (Eyes-C). All mothers had had amniocentesis during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy. There was a significant negative correlation between fT and scores on both measures. While empathy may be influenced by post-natal experience, these results suggest that pre-natal biology also plays an important role, mediated by androgen effects in the brain. These results also have implications for the causes of disabilities involving empathy, such as autism spectrum conditions, and may explain the increased rate of such conditions among males.     

Investigation of Solid Dosage Form Components Interaction Using Orthogonal Techniques- Discovery of New Forms of Sodium Stearyl Fumarate

Physical or chemical interactions between drug product (DP) components can occur during manufacturing and/or upon storage; and may alter DP shelf life and performance. In this work a new Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) peak was observed in DP under accelerated storage conditions. Due to the complex drug product matrix (including API, polymer, fillers, super disintegrant and lubricant), it was challenging to pinpoint the component(s) responsible for the new peak. In addition to PXRD, other orthogonal techniques including Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SSNMR) and Infrared (IR) spectroscopy were employed in this investigation to understand the root cause mechanistically. Specifically, multi nuclei SSNMR (¹H, ²³Na, ¹³C) was instrumental in delineating the components of the matrix. We identified the root cause to be an acid base reaction occurring in the DP, whereby sodium ion in sodium stearyl fumarate (SSF) is replaced by proton leading to SSF form conversion. We also identified commercially available SSF to be a hydrate that can dehydrate to an anhydrous form upon heating. In general, the same techniques can be used to investigate interactions of any multi component solid dosage forms.     

Social cognition and Reading comprehension in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders or typical development

BackgroundMany individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) exhibit social cognitive impairments in the development of theory of mind (ToM), or the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others. ToM has been shown to relate to reading comprehension for children and adolescents with typical development (TD) and with ASD. This study examined the relation between reading comprehension, word recognition, oral language, and ToM for higher-functioning children and adolescents with ASD (HFASD) as compared to those with TD.Method70 children with HFASD and 40 children with TD, aged 9–17 years, participated in the study. In order to describe the HFASD as compared to the TD sample, a series of ANOVAs and ANCOVAs were conducted. Multiple regression analyses were conducted with reading comprehension as the outcome variable. Separate regression models (TD & HFASD) were run with IQ, word recognition, oral language, and two ToM measures (Happé’s Strange Stories and the Silent Films Task) as predictors.ResultsThe TD group performed better than the HFASD group on all standardized and experimental measures. Regression analyses revealed that after controlling for IQ, word recognition, and oral language, both ToM measures predicted unique variance in reading comprehension in the HFASD, but not the TD, sample. Furthermore, the TD and HFASD groups displayed different patterns of significant predictors of reading comprehension.ConclusionsThis study suggests that in addition to oral language and higher-order linguistic comprehension, social cognition is an important factor to consider when designing reading interventions for students with ASD.     

The development of theory of mind: predictors and moderators of improvement in kindergarten

ABSTRACT

Theory of mind describes the ability to engage in perspective-taking, infer mental states, and predict intentions, behavior, and actions in others. Theory of mind performance is associated with foundational cognitive and socioemotional skills, including verbal ability (receptive and expressive vocabulary), executive function (inhibitory control and working memory), and emotion knowledge. In a sample of 354 children from low-income households, theory of mind and foundational skills were directly assessed before and after kindergarten. Results indicate emotion knowledge, inhibitory control, and expressive language predicted improvement in theory of mind. Expressive language also served as a moderator such that children with low expressive language failed to improve in theory of mind regardless of initial theory of mind performance.