升降理论在心血管病中的临床应用

本文从升降学说的理论基础来论证升降理论，体现于脏腑的各种机能活动和各种物质代谢运动中，升降功能的失调是心血管疾病发生发展的主要原因，因此，临床心血管病的治疗亦离不开升降理论作指导，遣方用药注重升中有降，降中寓升，升降相宜     

试论方剂功效表达的历史沿革及现代研究意义

方剂的历史悠久，但真正将方剂作为研究对象，出现方剂功效的描述则始自金代成无己，并在明清时期有了较大的发展，而直到建国后才形成一定的规范。目前古方中还存在大量的方荆只有简单的组成与主治，而没有详细的方论，包括方剂功效。文章最后论述了方荆功效理论研究的重要性与可行性。     

客户关系管理在药店的应用

目的 :为药店应用客户关系管理理论提供建议。方法 :简要阐述客户关系管理的基本理论 ,并对其在药店管理中的实际应用加以分析。结果与结论 :药店只有结合自身特点 ,将客户关系管理理念落实到实际工作之中 ,才有可能发挥其最大效用。     

药事管理学科理论构建方法研究

目的 :进一步完善我国药事管理学科理论。方法 :采用演绎理论和扎根理论 ,研究药事管理学科理论构建的程序与方法。结果与结论 :药事管理学科理论具有多样性和实证性等特点 ,尚需不断努力研究和完善。     

A complex mixture of forces

Abstract

The paper argues that purely psychoanalytical theory, by itself, is not sufficient to understand many of the complex, mixed states carried by many of the children seen by child psychotherapists. Mixed forms of understanding are needed. Psychoanalytic thinking and ‘hard’ science are not the same as each other but need to be brought into active dialogue. As an instance of this, the paper looks at the relationship between Kleinian thinking and attachment theory and argues that a mixed, inner world and environment sensitive form of thinking, that draws on both Klein and Bowlby, has become characteristic of Kleinian child psychotherapy today. This established way of thinking is now being stretched in order to accommodate neuroscientific findings.     

Treatment development: Can we find a better way?

The present paper argues that traditional approaches to treatment development, including a technological approach, a stage model, and existing inductive approaches such as functional analysis are inadequate in various ways. Treatment developing needs to focus more on theoretical development, practicality, and the fit with clients and practitioners. We argue that progress requires greater philosophical clarity, and steps to ensure a connection between philosophy of science assumptions and an analytic agenda which fits naturally with applied psychology. Theoretical progress requires distinguishing between clinical and basic models and harmonizing their relationship, and more focus on the manipulable context of action. Applied psychology needs to join in a common cause with basic psychology in domains of mutual interest, and develop basic analyses and mid-level terms that can be both scientifically progressive and clinically useful. Issues of practicality, capacity for dissemination, and public health impact need to be considered at the beginning and throughout treatment development. Issues of effectiveness, change processes, mediation, moderation, training, active components, and similar issues should be part of the evaluation system from the beginning. It is time to create a more coherent approach to treatment innovation.     

Topographical,Autobiographical and Semantic Memory in a Patient with Bilateral Mesial Temporal and Retrosplenial Infarction

The relationship between clinical symptoms and neurocognitive impairment has been a growing interest in the field of schizophrenia research. We review the empirical evidence for whether some schizophrenia symptoms can be viewed as expressions of disordered executive functioning. A specific focus of our review is Frith’s (1992) neurocognitive theory of negative symptoms, and whether this theory is supported by studies of executive functioning in schizophrenia. The current trend towards viewing executive functioning in terms of fractionable cognitive processes is discussed. Difficulties with traditional clinical measures (e.g. the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; WCST) in separating these processes are highlighted. Neurocognitive studies of schizophrenia are then reviewed in terms of this fractionated view of executive processes. We conclude that a more specific approach to executive functioning deficits in schizophrenia using more selective measures is needed before stronger conclusions can be drawn about their relationship to clinical symptoms.     

Early life Adversity,functional connectivity and cognitive performance in Schizophrenia: The mediating role of IL-6

ObjectiveExposure to childhood trauma (CT) is associated with cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, and deficits in social cognition in particular. Here, we sought to test whether IL-6 mediated the association between CT and social cognition both directly, and sequentially via altered default mode network (DMN) connectivity.MethodsThree-hundred-and-eleven participants (104 patients and 207 healthy participants) were included, with MRI data acquired in a subset of n = 147. CT was measured using the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ). IL-6 was measured in both plasma and in toll like receptor (TLR) stimulated whole blood. The CANTAB emotion recognition task (ERT) was administered to assess social cognition, and cortical connectivity was assessed based on resting DMN connectivity.ResultsHigher IL-6 levels, measured both in plasma and in toll-like receptor (TLR-2) stimulated blood, were significantly correlated with higher CTQ scores and lower cognitive and social cognitive function. Plasma IL-6 was further observed to partly mediate the association between higher CT scores and lower emotion recognition performance (CTQ total: β_indirect −0.0234, 95% CI: −0.0573 to −0.0074; CTQ physical neglect: β_indirect = −0.0316, 95% CI: −0.0741 to −0.0049). Finally, sequential mediation was observed between plasma IL-6 levels and DMN connectivity in mediating the effects of higher CTQ on lower social cognitive function (β_indirect = −0.0618, 95% CI: −0.1523 to −0.285).ConclusionThis work suggests that previous associations between CT and social cognition may be partly mediated via an increased inflammatory response. IL-6′s association with changes in DMN activity further suggest at least one cortical network via which CT related effects on cognition may be transmitted.