小学生学习困难综合干预前瞻性研究

目的 验证综合干预治疗小学生学习困难（ＬＤ）的效果。方法 ８４例ＬＤ学生分成干预组（４３例）和不干预组（４１例）作对照,用教育、家庭、学校干预和心理治疗及药物治疗进行综合干预。结果 二年后,干预组有效率（７６．７４％）、学习成绩及智商明显高于不干预组,ＬＤ和行为问题发生率明显低于后者（Ｐ〈０．０５～０．０１）。结论 综合干预是通过增强学生学习自信心,减少或消除心理行为问题,提高智力水平等综合发挥效     

城市化面临的卫生问题及对策

我国城市化的快速发展引起的环境污染、生态环境破坏等问题,使我国的卫生事业面临着严峻的挑战。文中主要从环境负效应、传染病、非传染性疾病、精神障碍、边缘人群等几个方面加以分析。针对这些问题,提出了解决的方法,包括提高全社会的环境意识、重塑环境卫生新观念、优化卫生资源配置。     

临床常用药物对人体酸碱平衡的影响

目的：探讨临床常用药物对人体酸碱平衡的影响,指导临床工作。方法：用酸度计测定九种药品ｐＨ值,计算氢离子浓度。结果：偏碱性的药物有５０ｇ／Ｌ碳酸氢钠,谷氨酸钠、谷氨酸钾注射液;偏酸性的药物有盐酸精氨酸、维生素Ｃ、各种浓度葡萄糖注射液、氯化钠注射液。结论：临床上一些常用药品会影响人体的酸碱平衡,尤其在机体酸碱平衡调节发生障碍的情况下,更应谨慎。     

Clinical trials: specific problems associated with the use of a placebo-control group

In order to test hypotheses prospectively with hard data and against placebo, the scientific method of clinical trials has been developed. The present paper focuses on specific problems associated with the use of a placebo control group. (a) The placebo highlights the ethical dilemma that a controlled clinical trial can place us in. (b) Also, in a trial an atmosphere is created of enhanced risks of placebo effects. (c) Significantly different from placebo does not necessarily mean clinically relevant. (d) A biased placebo period due to carry-over effect is a common problem of controlled trials with a cross-over or self-controlled design. (e) Likewise an asymmetric placebo group is also a common problem in parallel-group designs. (f) The response to a placebo is generally small in comparison with the response to active treatment and is therefore sometimes more susceptible to bias. It is emphasized that routinely accounting for such problems may further improve the powerful method of controlled clinical trials.     

Patterns of family responses to alcohol and tobacco problems

Patterns of family response to drinking and smoking were studied in a sample of 1034 adults in Ontario in 1993. Concerning tobacco smoking, 69% of respondents reported having said something to a relative and 82% to a friend; concerning drinking, 46% had said something to a relative and 65% to a friend. Having said something did not vary much with the respondent's age, educational level and smoking or drinking status, except that current smokers were less likely than others to have said something to a friend or acquaintance, while heavier drinkers were more likely to have said something to a friend or acquaintance, and ex-drinkers were more likely to have said something to a relative. About half of all who had ever smoked reported a family member (57%) or a friend (47%) had said something to them about their smoking, compared with much smaller proportions of ever-drinkers who reported that a family member (14%) or a friend (8%) had ever said anything about their drinking. Both drinking and smoking are recognized by many respondents as imposing burdens on the family. Family members often comment on drinking and smoking, and make suggestions about cutting down or quitting.     

Comments on 'the great legalization debate'

The debate over the legalization of drugs should be encouraged so that an appropriate and acceptable strategy can be formulated. Any policy should be based on the available data which should not be used selectively to establish an ideological position. Ultimately, the policy should be determined by what outcomes are considered to be the most desirable, taking into account both short term and long term objectives.     

Extrahepatic bile duct angulation by T-tube: The elbow sign

The normal shape of the extrahepatic bile ducts approximates a straight line. The cholangiograms of 50 patients with indwelling T-tube catheters were retrospectively reviewed between 4 and 14 weeks postcholecystectomy. We observed a lateral distortion in the shape of the bile ducts in 35 patients (70%) such that an angle measured between the proximal and distal parts of the duct, centered at the site of T-tube insertion, decreased to between 60° and 158°. We have called this observation the elbow sign, which to our knowledge has not been previously described and appears to be of no clinical consequence.     

Responses of antioxidant systems in the hepatocytes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to the toxicity of microcystin-LR.

The freshwater, bloom-forming cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa produces a peptide hepatotoxin, which causes the damage of animal liver. Recently, toxic Microcystis blooms frequently occur in the eutrophic Dianchi Lake (300 km2 and located in the South-Western of China). Microcystin-LR from Microcystis in Dianchi was isolated and purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and its toxicity to mouse and fish liver was studied (Li et al., 2001). In this study, six biochemical parameters (reactive oxygen species, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxide and glutathione S-transferase) were determined in common carp hepatocytes when the cells were exposed to 10 microg microcystin-LR per litre. The results showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents increased by more than one-time compared with the control after 6 h exposure to the toxin. In contrast, glutathione (GSH) levels in the hepatocytes exposed to microcystin-LR decreased by 47% compared with the control. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxide (GSH-Px) increased significantly after 6 h exposure to microcystin-LR, but glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity showed no difference from the control. These results suggested that the toxicity of microcystin-LR caused the increase of ROS contents and the depletion of GSH in hepatocytes exposed to the toxin and these changes led to oxidant shock in hepatocytes. Increases of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px activities revealed that these three kinds of antioxidant enzymes might play important roles in eliminating the excessive ROS. This paper also examined the possible toxicity mechanism of microcystin-LR on the fish hepatocytes and the results were similar to those with mouse hepatocytes.     

针灸治疗慢性胃炎临床方法对比分析

本文就近 1 0年来针灸治疗慢性胃炎概况进行了综合分析与归纳 ,并对针灸治疗本病的疗效与安全性评价、针灸治疗规律及针灸临床研究重点进行了分析 ,以期为临床更好地治疗慢性胃炎提供参考资料。     

Treatment of defaecation problems in children: the role of education, demystification and toilet training

To evaluate the effect of education in children with chronic defaecation problems, a prospective 6-week intervention study was designed. A total of 54 children (5–14 years) underwent an education programme, with demystification of symptoms and advice about diet and toilet training. The present treatment was continued. After 6 weeks, children with persistent problems received biofeedback training with a follow up of 1 year. The intervention programme was successful in 8 children (15%). Biofeedback training was successful in 49% of the remaining group after 1 year. Conclusion A total of 15% of the children with chronic defaecation problems seen at a referral centre could surprisingly be helped by a simple education programme with, demystification and toilet training. Further studies evaluating treatment in children with defaecation problems should account for the primary effect of these measures. Received: 30 July 1996 and in revised form: 30 November 1996 / Accepted: 11 January 1997