Clostridium difficile acquisition rate and its role in nosocomial diarrhoea at a university hospital in Turkey

Infection with Clostridium difficile can present with various clinical pictures ranging from an asymptomatic carrier state to pseudomembranous colitis and plays an important part in the etiology of nosocomial diarrhoea. To identify risk factors for C. difficile colonization and diarrhoea in hospitalized subjects, patients admitted to a general medicine ward at Marmara University hospital during a one year period were entered into the study. Of the 202 patients, nosocomial diarrhoea developed in 45 (22.3%). Fourteen patients (6.9%) were colonized with C. difficile during their hospitalization period. Ten of the colonized patients (71.4%) developed diarrhoea and were found to be positive by toxin assay. Pseudomembranous colitis was confirmed endoscopically in 3 of the patients with diarrhoea. Administration of beta lactam agents such as ampicillin and cephalosporins; gastrointestinal manipulations and admission to the intensive care unit were found as major risk factors for C. difficile colonization.     

ICR小鼠人工感染泰泽氏菌的组织病变观察

20只ICR小鼠经尾静脉途径人工感染泰泽氏菌。感染小鼠健康活泼,与对照小鼠无区别。感染后4-7天,lO只经醋酸可的松激发的小鼠其肝脏均表现出轻重不等的散在、灶性病变以至弥漫性灶性坏死,Gierasa染色镜检可见数量不等、典型的泰泽氏菌,细菌培养阴性。10只未经激发小鼠和5只对照小鼠均未见有病变,镜检也未查到泰泽氏菌。上述试验结果表明,泰泽氏菌在ICR小鼠体内的繁殖和形成肝脏病变与机体的免疫状态有密切关系。     

难辨梭状芽孢杆菌致伪膜性肠炎的诊治现状

引起伪膜性肠炎的主要致病因素为难辨梭状芽孢杆菌,该病症可表现为轻微的水泻或致命性肠炎,临床对该病的诊断主要基 于对难辨梭状芽孢杆菌产生的A毒素和B毒素的检测,甲硝唑或万古霉素临床治疗该病被证实是有效的。     

四川大学华西医院2015～2017年艰难梭菌腹泻致病株的药物敏感性及其变迁

目的 总结华西医院艰难梭菌腹泻致病株的药物敏感性,比较其变迁,为艰难梭菌感染的治疗和防控提供基础参考数据。方法 分离四川大学华西医院2015年8～12月(44株)和强化感染控制措施后2016年7月至2017年7月(29株)两个时间段中腹泻患者粪便样本艰难梭菌致病产毒株共73株,PCR扩增毒素基因后进行测序鉴定。琼脂对倍稀释法测定甲硝唑、万古霉素、克林霉素、莫西沙星、四环素、利福昔明、非达霉素和硝唑尼特9种药物的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。分析艰难梭菌耐药性,并对比强化感染控制措施前后的耐药性变化。结果 所有菌株对甲硝唑和万古霉素高度敏感,对克林霉素、莫西沙星、四环素、利福昔明的耐药率分别为79.5%、26.0%、27.4%、9.5%;对非达霉素和硝唑尼特高度敏感,两药的MIC范围均为<0.008～0.5 mg/L。与2015年相比,强化感染控制措施后艰难梭菌对克林霉素耐药率（99.5% vs. 44.8%）、莫西沙星耐药率（36.4% vs. 10.3%）下降,差异均有统计学意义（ P<0.05）。此外,发现一株罕见的利奈唑胺药物敏感性下降的菌株,其MIC 达16 mg/L。结论 华西医院艰难梭菌对克林霉素和莫西沙星的耐药率较高,需限制使用;对甲硝唑和万古霉素高度敏感,可以经验性使用。     

Effectiveness of different molecular forms of C. histolyticum class I collagenase to recover islets

One factor that may contribute to variability between different lots of purified collagenase to recover islets is the molecular form of C. histolyticum class I (C1) collagenase used in the isolation procedure. Two different enzyme mixtures containing C1, class II (C2) collagenase and BP Protease were compared for their effectiveness to recover islets from split adult porcine pancreas. The same enzyme activities per g trimmed tissue were used for all isolations with the only difference being the mass of C1 required to achieve 25,000 collagen degradation activity U/g tissue. The results show no differences in performance of the two enzyme mixtures. The only significant difference is 19 fold more truncated C1 was required to achieve the same result as intact C1.     

A chicken intestinal ligated loop model to study the virulence of Clostridium perfringens isolates recovered from antibiotic-free chicken flocks

Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a major problem in antibiotic-free (ABF) chicken flocks and specific strains of Clostridium perfringens are known to induce NE. The objective of this study was to develop a chicken intestinal ligated loop model in order to compare the virulence of various C. perfringens strains recovered from consecutive ABF flocks with and without NE. Intestinal loops were surgically prepared in 10 anaesthetized specific-pathogen-free chickens and alternately inoculated with C. perfringens isolates or brain heart infusion (BHI) media. Histological lesion scoring was performed for each loop. All strains from NE-affected flocks induced histological lesions compatible with NE whereas inoculation of loops with a commensal C. perfringens strain or BHI did not. Among inoculated strains, CP0994 (netB-positive and cpb2-positive) and CP-2003-1256 (netB-positive) demonstrated mean histological lesion scores significantly higher (P?netB-negative and cpb2-positive) induced intestinal lesions without significantly higher scores. In loops where villi were colonized by Gram-positive rods, significantly higher (P?C. perfringens is a critical step in the pathogenesis of NE. Finally, we demonstrated the importance of controlling virulent C. perfringens strains in ABF chicken flocks as a highly virulent strain can be present in consecutive flocks with NE and possibly affect multiple flocks.     

Inpatient Proton Pump Inhibitor Administration and Hospital-Acquired Clostridium difficile Infection: Evidence and Possible Mechanism

The incidence of Clostridium difficile infection continues to increase globally. Particularly concerning are hospital-acquired cases that attribute significant morbidity, mortality, and expenditures to the health care system. Proton pump inhibitors, which are widely prescribed and generally considered to have minimal adverse effects, have recently come under scrutiny for positive associations with C. difficile infection development. This article will specifically review the current state of evidence demonstrating a positive association between nosocomial proton pump inhibitor administration and the incidence of hospital-acquired C. difficile infection. In addition, the article delivers state-of-the-art knowledge relative to mechanisms by which proton pump inhibitor exposure may propagate the manifestation of C. difficile infection.     

Children at birth,children growing up. Integration between healthcare and family educational care

This research is based on the assumption that in order to improve the quality of life of children with major health problems in the early stage of their life, especially in the case of disability, it is necessary to ensure the continuity and proper two-way integration of early childhood educational planning and health care, both provided by the adults involved, that is parents and professionals. Therefore, we tried to explore and piece together the complex set of family support experiences, both in the process of forming an attachment and affiliation to the newborn and in the construction of a common evolutionary history, aimed at the well-being of the entire family unit. We considered the context and actors of the first few days and months in the lives of children with a difficult life course, in a city of Northern Italy. By means of qualitative investigation, we carried out observations in the neonatal intensive care units of hospitals over a period of 10 months. Our observations continued in the local healthcare, social, and educational services, entrusted with providing care to children and support to parents after hospital discharge. We also carried out observations in nursery schools, in order to highlight early forms of individualised educational planning, drawn up by the educators together with the family.