竞争性谈判在我院非标类耗材采购中的应用

我院通过竞争性谈判采购非标类耗材,达到了有效控制交易价格,促进采购管理工作规范化,减少了资源投入。     

浅议医疗设备招标采购监督的难点与对策

针对医疗设备院内招标采购中存在的监督难点及原因进行分析,提出从制度、程序、操作等方面完善监督机制,建议通过加强标书审核、公开采购信息、严审合同条款、强化验收环节、后续监管等方面强化过程监督。医院招标采购活动既要做到严格程序、规范操作,又要注意效率和追求实效。     

安徽省各级医疗机构药品使用现状及目录共同性研究

目的：分析安徽省各级医疗机构药品使用现状及药品目录的共同性。方法：从安徽省医药集中采购平台上随机抽取9家三级医疗机构、10家二级医疗机构、20家一级医疗机构2018年的药品采购数据,采用R软件和Excel软件进行分析。结果：从药理学分类来看,安徽省一级医疗机构药品结构与二、三级医疗机构差异较大,而二、三级医疗机构药品结构相似;国家基本药物品种数和金额占比均随医疗机构级别的升高而降低,国家医保药物与之趋势相同;进口药品的品种和金额占比均随医疗机构级别的升高而增加。2018年采购数据显示,各级医疗机构院均药品数分别为241,405,802种,而同级医疗机构相同药品数仅分别为20,19,186种;39家样本医疗机构共有药品数仅8种。结论：各级医疗机构药品共同性小,不利于分级诊疗中患者转诊用药的上下衔接。     

Crime displacement in digital drug markets

Background Crackdowns on urban sites with concentrated criminal activity are sometimes followed by geographical relocation of crime. Is this also the case in cyberspace, where illegal websites and online networks can be wiped clean, but also quickly rebuilt and replaced on new servers and URLs?Methods I address this question in three steps. First, I measure MDMA trade in a large digital market for drugs, before and after the arrest of a leading MDMA seller in the same market. Second, I count the number of available digital drug markets and vendor shops in the period February 2014–June 2018, to see if websites closed by police were replaced by new ones. Third, I track the digital movement and trading activities of individual drug sellers, before and after law enforcement shut down two large markets.Results After police arrested a leading MDMA seller, other MDMA sellers filled most – but not all – of the gap. A major law enforcement crackdown reduced the number of available markets, but new ones were created, and market counts eventually surpassed the previous peak. When law enforcement shut down two big markets, many of the sellers relocated to other e-commerce sites and continued high-earning operations there.Conclusion Arrests and market closures redirect digital drug trade to other sellers and markets. Hot spot policing in cyberspace might produce temporary results, but is arguably ineffective in the long run, as actors use information and communication technology’s unique capacities to reorganize.     

Designing the epitope flanking regions for optimal generation of CTL epitopes

The flanking amino acids that surround epitopes are critical for effective antigen processing and maintenance of epitope integrity. In the present study, the frequency and characteristics of each amino acid that flanked the peptides generated from the proteasomal degradation of three different subtypes of HIV-1 Gag-p24 were determined. Synthetic flanking regions were designed based on the highest and the lowest frequencies of amino acid with the ideal characteristics at positions upstream and downstream of the proteasomal cleavage site. Peptides were synthesized that contained known CD8+ CTL-epitopes from HIV-1 Gag, CMV pp65, and vaccinia proteins HRP-2, and C16, flanked by amino acid sequences specifically designed to either generate or inhibit the known CD8+ CTL-epitopes. As predicted, the known CD8+ CTL-epitopes were effectively generated from the peptides with synthetic flanking regions specifically designed to promote epitope generation in a proteasome-dependent manner. The majority of the proteasome-generated epitopes were cleaved immediately after the C-terminal amino acid of the specific CTL-epitope. The synthetic peptide sequences containing known CD8+ CTL-epitopes with the flanking regions that promote epitope generation were effectively processed and presented to epitope specific CD8+ T-cells resulting in the production of IFN-γ. These results highlight the importance of flanking regions in promoting efficient antigen processing and presentation. This concept can have important implications in vaccine design and development strategies.     

Sympathetic nerve tissue in milky spots of the human greater omentum

Omental milky spots (OMSs), small lymphoid structures positioned in the greater omentum, are involved in peritoneal immune homeostasis and the formation of omental metastases. Sympathetic nerve activity is known to regulate immune function in other lymphoid organs (e.g. spleen and lymph nodes) and to create a favourable microenvironment for various tumour types. However, it is still unknown whether OMSs receive sympathetic innervation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish whether OMSs of the adult human greater omentum receive sympathetic innervation. A total of 18 OMSs were isolated from five omenta, which were removed from 3% formaldehyde-perfused cadavers (with a median age of 84 years, ranging from 64 to 94). OMSs were embedded in paraffin, cut and stained with a general (PGP9.5) and sympathetic nerve marker (TH and DBH), and evaluated by bright field microscopy. A T-cell, B-cell, and macrophage staining was performed to confirm OMS identity. In 50% of the studied OMSs, sympathetic nerve fibres were observed at multiple levels of the same OMS. Nerve fibres were represented as dots or elongated structures and often observed in relation to small vessels and occasionally as individual structures residing between lymphoid cells. The current study shows that 50% of the investigated OMSs contain sympathetic nerve fibres. These findings may contribute to our understanding of neural regulation of peritoneal immune response and the involvement of OMSs in omental metastases.     

Should IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-2 be considered predictive biomarkers of acute rejection in liver and kidney transplant? Results of a multicentric study

Acute rejection (AR) remains a major challenge in organ transplantation, and there is a need for predictive biomarkers. In the present multicenter study, we prospectively examined a series of biomarkers in liver and kidney recipients. Intracellular expression of IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-2 and IL-17 soluble production were evaluated both pre-transplantation and post-transplantation (1st and 2nd week, 1st, 2nd and 3rd month). 142 transplant patients (63 liver/79 kidney) were included in the study. Twenty-eight recipients (14 liver/14 kidney) developed AR. Pre- and post-transplantation intracellular expression of %IFN-γ⁺ in CD4⁺CD69⁺ and in CD8⁺CD69⁺ and soluble IL17 identified liver and kidney transplant patients at high risk of AR. Pre-transplantation, %IL-2⁺ in CD8⁺CD69⁺ also identified kidney patients at high risk. We constructed pre- and post-transplantation risk prediction models, based on a composite panel of biomarkers, which could provide the basis for future studies and will be a useful tool for the selection and adjustment of immunosuppressive treatments.     

Esthetic comparison of white-spot lesion treatment modalities using spectrometry and fluorescence

Objective:To compare the esthetic improvements of white-spot lesions (WSLs) treated by fluoride, casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), or resin infiltration.Materials and Methods:WSLs were created on human enamel and randomly assigned to four groups: NaF (500 ppm), CPP-ACP, resin infiltration (Icon), or distilled deionized water (DDW; control group). The color change (ΔE) of each specimen was measured with a Crystaleye spectrophotometer, and fluorescence loss (ΔQ) was measured by quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF), at different time points after treatment: baseline (0 weeks), 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks.Results:The ΔE and ΔQ baseline values for the four groups before the treatments did not differ significantly. Icon treatment improved the WSL color significantly and gave the lowest ΔE (2.9 ± 1.2 on average) compared with other treatments (P < .01). The Icon treatment also resulted in a significant change in the ΔQ of WSLs compared with baseline (P < .01). In the NaF and CPP-ACP treatment groups, ΔQ showed significant recovery compared with the baseline values only after 4 weeks after treatment (P < .05).Conclusions:Resin infiltration is more effective than NaF or CPP-ACP in providing esthetic improvement of WSLs.     

Enamel white spot lesions can remineralise using bio-active glass and polyacrylic acid-modified bio-active glass powders

Objective

To evaluate the potential of bio-active glass (BAG) powder and BAG containing polyacrylic acid (PAA-BAG) to remineralise enamel white spot lesions (WSL).

Methods

32 human enamel samples with artificial WSLs were assigned to 4 experimental groups (n = 8); (a) BAG slurry, (b) PAA-BAG slurry, (c) “standardised” remineralisation solution (positive control) and (d) de-ionised water (negative control). Mechanical properties of enamel were assessed using surface and cross-section Knoop microhardness. Micro-Raman spectroscopy in StreamLine™ scan mode was used to scan lesion cross-sections. The intensity of the Raman phosphate peak at 959 cm⁻¹ was fitted and measured producing depth profiles analysed using a double-step fitting function. A further 20 samples (n = 5) were used to obtain 3D images of surfaces using non-contact white light profilometry permitting measurement of lesion step height in relation to the sound enamel reference level, and to scan the lesion surface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analysed statistically using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's HSD post-hoc tests.

Results

BAG, PAA-BAG and the remineralisation solution exhibited statistically significantly higher surface and cross-section Knoop microhardness compared to the negative control. Micro-Raman spectroscopy detected significantly higher phosphate content within the treated groups compared to the negative control group. Lesions’ depth was not significantly reduced. SEM images revealed mineral depositions, with different sizes and shapes, within BAG, PAA-BAG and the positive control groups.

Conclusion

BAG and PAA-BAG surface treatments enhance enamel WSL remineralisation, assessed by the resultant improved mechanical properties, higher phosphate content and morphological changes within the artificial lesions.     

氟保护漆Duraphat治疗前牙初期龋损的临床效果

目的 探讨氟保护漆Duraphat对前牙初期龋损白垩色斑块的治疗效果。方法 共纳入并分析120例患者146个前牙唇侧白垩斑病损,分为三组：A组（涂氟保护漆Duraphat＋口腔健康教育组,n = 52）,B组（口腔健康教育组,n = 47）和C组（对照组,n = 47）。由同一位已经过培训的医生采用牙周探针对白垩斑的直径及龋活动性进行评估,同时对研究对象的口腔卫生采用改良菌斑指数进行评估。结果 A组在接受2年的涂氟治疗后其白垩斑直径明显缩小,与另外两组差异有统计学意义（X^2=29.1,P 〈 0.001）,初期龋损白垩色斑块活动性龋的比例明显下降（χ^2=42.5,P 〈 0.001）。结论 氟保护漆Duraphat能有效治疗光滑面的初期龋损。