Reproductive health knowledge and implications: A study in Nigeria

Forty-five percent of Nigeria's population is under age 15. This study employed a questionnaire to learn the level of reproductive health knowledge of 416 male and female Nigerian students ages 10 through 16.

The Chi-square statistical procedure was used as demographic characteristics were related to reproductive health knowledge among the pre-teen and teenage youth. Statistically significant (p #lt 0.05) relationships were found between variables such as knowledge of reproduction, family planning, and AIDS when each was compared separately to age, gender, living situation while at school, school club memberships, and so on. With respect to reproduction and related topics, older teenagers indicated more knowledge than pre-teenagers, girls more than boys, and those living in dormitories more than those living at home or in other housing while attending school.

Television ranked first in terms of students' sources of information on reproduction, pregnancy, birth control, and AIDS. Newspapers ranked second, radio third, teachers fourth, and parents fifth. Perhaps the most striking data are the “I don't know” responses with respect to AIDS. Thirteen percent had not heard of AIDS, 27 percent did not know how AIDS is transmitted, 29 percent did not know the seriousness of AIDS, 37 percent did not know how to avoid AIDS, and 14 percent did not know that a mother with AIDS might infect her baby. Recommendations are made for increasing health services and education concerning reproductive health for pre-teen and teenage students.     

bFGF、VEGF在大鼠创伤脑组织中的表达及关系

目的 研究碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)在大鼠创伤脑组织中不同时间的表达及其它们之间的关系，从分子水平探讨颅脑损伤后的病理机制，为临床治疗脑损伤的新途径提供实验基础。方法 改进Marmarou大鼠加速弥漫性脑损伤模型，制作成弥漫性轴索损伤同时合并局灶性脑挫伤的新的动物模型。SD雄性大鼠48只，随机分为8组。每组6只。取挫伤灶周围脑组织免疫组化染色观察bFGF、VEGF基因表达情况。结果 脑挫伤灶周围脑组织，bFGF基因表达在伤后1h明显增加。伤后12h达高峰；VEGF基因表达伤后逐渐增加，24h达高峰，12h恢复到对照水平。结论 bFGF、VEGF基因表达与脑损伤密切相关，作为生长因子，bFGF、VEGF可能参与颅脑损伤后神经元保护及损伤后修复过程。     

Survivin和bFGF在胃癌及肠化生组织中的表达及其与胃癌血管生成的关系

目的探讨Survivin和bFGF在胃癌及肠化生组织中的表达及其与胃癌血管生成的关系,为胃癌的诊断、治疗及预后判断提供依据。方法应用免疫组化S-P法检测44例胃癌组织、22例肠化生组织和10例正常胃黏膜组织中的Survivin、bFGF的表达和MVD值,分析Survivin、bFGF表达、MVD值与临床病理因素间的关系。结果在44例胃癌组织、22例肠化生组织和10例正常胃黏膜组织中Survivin、bFGF和MVD3种标记物在3组组织之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在胃癌组织中Survivin、bFGF表达及MVD值均与肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移、TNM分期有关(P<0.05)。胃癌组织中Survivin和bF-GF表达与MVD值均有相关性(P<0.05)。胃癌组织中Survivin和bFGF两者均阳性组中MVD值与两者均阴性组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论胃癌组中Survivin、bFGF的表达均与MVD值有明显相关性,bFGF和Survivin的表达共同促进胃癌血管的生成。联合检测Survivin、bFGF和MVD有助于对胃癌的病理分级、恶性程度判定和预后判断。     

更年期综合征相关因素研究

目的：探讨更年期综合征发生的相关因素。方法：用Kupperman改良量表、艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）、生活事件量表（LES）、世界卫生组织生命质量测定量表简表（WHOQOL-BRIEF）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）、焦虑自评量表（SAS），对84例年龄在45-55岁的妇女进行调查，并测定其生殖激素。结果：Kupperman改良量表评分总分与各因子分相关系数（r）如下：LES总分（0．709）、LES负性值（0．700）、WHOQOL-BRIEF中的生理分量表（-0．683）、SDS（0．642）、SAS（0．630）、WHOQOL-BRIEF中的心理分量表（-0．548）、EPQ-N（0．546）、WHOQOL-BRIEF中的社会关系分量表（-0．449）、WHOQOL-BRIEF中的环境分量表（-0．358）、泌乳素（0．298）、LES正性值（0．223）。结论：更年期综合征的发生不仅仅与激素的改变有关，而是生物、社会、心理等多方面的综合因素共同作用的结果。     

A case-control study of breast cancer among Japanese women: with special reference to family history and reproductive and dietary factors

Summary To study the effects of family history and reproductive, anthropometric, and dietary factors on the risk of breast cancer among low risk populations, we conducted a hospital-based case-control study involving 908 patients with breast cancer and their matched controls, in Japan. A positive family history of breast cancer significantly increased the risk of breast cancer (odds ratio = 1.52, 95% confidence interval: 1.14–2.03). The risk further increased with increasing number of family members affected. Obesity, single marital status, fewer births, a late childbirth, and less consumption of green-yellow vegetables and dairy products were also associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. These associations were independent in multivariate analyses. There was no increase in risk associated with consumption of high fat foods. When analyzed by menopausal status, the association with family history of breast cancer, especially in the first degree of relatives, was more evident for premenopausal breast cancer. The associations with obesity and lower consumption of dairy products were more pronounced for postmenopausal breast cancer, while those with lower parity and single marital status were stronger for premenopausal breast cancer.     

Role of Estrogens on Human Male Reproductive System

This review focuses on estrogen role on human male physiology. Biological estrogen actions on male reproductive system are summarized with particular regard to the effects of congenital estrogen deprivation in men. The effects of estrogen on spermatogenesis, hormonal secretion and gonadotropin feedback and on sexual behavior are discussed. It is remarked that the role of estrogens in male reproduction is a very recent acquisition in reproductive endocrinology, but it promises new future fields of research to be investigated as well as the possible disclosure of new strategies in clinical practice.     

胸椎错位并心律异常13例临床报告

目的 探讨脊柱源性心律紊乱的主要发病部位。方法 对13例脊柱病变引发的心律紊乱，主要以纠正上胸段错位为主，采用理筋、整脊和功能锻炼治疗。结果 经治疗均临床治愈，随访半年以上无复发。结论 脊源性心律紊乱主要部位在胸椎。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对受照后大鼠血脑屏障的影响

目的评价定量检测放射性血脑屏障（BBB）破坏的不同方法，探讨碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）对放射性BBB破坏的保护作用。方法60只急性放射性脑损伤模型大鼠（直线加速器6MeV电子束单次照射25Gy）分为单纯照射组和照射前尾静脉注射bFGF组（250ng／kg），并设未照射对照组；分别于照射后2、7和30d采用脑干-湿重法检测脑含水量，并用单次静脉注射3mg／kg伊文氏蓝（EB）后脑组织的EB含量法评估BBB破坏情况。结果照射后脑组织含水量和EB含量均较对照组明显增高，注射bFGF组脑组织含水量和EB含量均低于单纯照射组（P〈0．05）。受照后不同日期的脑组织EB含量差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），而脑含水量差异没有统计学意义。结论注射EB后检测脑组织，浓度法较干湿重法测脑含水量能更好地反映BBB的破坏情况；bFGF对受照后BBB破坏有保护作用。     

转化生长因子-β和碱性成纤维细胞因子在儿童原发性局灶节段性肾小球硬化肾组织中的表达

目的：通过检测转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）在儿童原发性局灶节段性肾小球硬化（FSGS）肾组织中的表达情况,并分析其与肾小管间质病理变化的关系,以了解TGF-β与bFGF在原发性FSGS发生发展中的作用。方法：选择肾活检明确诊断为原发性FSGS患儿的肾组织共43例,其中不伴有肾小管间质病变的FSGS肾组织共16例,设为实验1组;伴有肾小管间质病变的FSGS肾组织共27例,为实验2组。另将同期因孤立性血尿入院肾活检证实为非FSGS、病理改变较轻的肾组织作为对照组,共17例。采用免疫组化法检测细胞/生长因子TGF-β、bFGF在各组中的表达。通过方差分析（ANOVA）和相关分析法分析细胞/生长因子的表达与FSGS肾组织病理变化的关系以及细胞/生长因子之间的相互作用关系。结果：TGF-β、bFGF在各组肾组织中均有表达,表达量在对照组、实验1组和实验2组中依次升高,各组间的差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;且TGF-β和bFGF的表达与肾小管间质指数呈正相关,相关系数依次为0.763和0.661。此外,TGF-β和bFGF两者的表达量经相关分析也显示呈正相关,相关系数为0.587。结论：TGF-β和bFGF在原发性FSGS患儿肾组织中高表达;随着FSGS的发展,它们在肾组织中表达量不断增加,促使肾小管间质向纤维化发展,而且两者在促进肾脏纤维化具有一定的协同作用。     

Endocrinology: Predictive value of serum oestradiol concentrations and oocyte number in severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a serious complicationof gonadotrophin usage but it is difficult to accurately predictits occurrence. Previous investigators have identified the combinationof high oestradiol concentrations and oocyte number as beingpredictive in 80% of cases. In this study we sought to identifythe incidence of severe OHSS in patients with high oestradiolconcentrations and large numbers of oocytes and to evaluatethe importance of pregnancy in the development of OHSS. Between1990 and 1993, we studied 139 cycles using two assisted reproductivetechniques [oocyte donor, n =72; in-vitro fertilization (IVF),n = 67] in which either oestradiol (>4000 pg/ml), oocytenumber (>25), or both were elevated. OHSS was diagnosed bystandard criteria. There were no cases of severe OHSS in theoocyte donor group and six in the IVF group. Among 10 patientswith oestradiol concentration >6000 pg/ml and >30 oocytes,only one had OHSS (10%). The relative risk of OHSS with pregnancywas 12 (confidence interval 2.18–66.14). We conclude thatthe risk of OHSS even at high levels of stimulation is lowerthan previously believed. Secondly, donors have a very low riskof OHSS, probably because of the absence of pregnancy. As such,cryopreservation of all oocytes in IVF cycles is a reasonablealternative to cycle cancellation or use of adjunctive medication.