Anthropometry and moderate malnutrition in preschool children

Objective: For years it has been shown that more children die from moderate malnutrition (MM) than severe. Till yet few studies deal specifically with identifying these children. This study attempts to statistically determine the appropriate anthropometric measures and cut-off points for diagnosing moderate malnutrition in preschool children.Methods: Anthropometric measurements were obtained from 609 preschool children from the cities of Adigrat, Ethiopia; Janampet, India; San Paulo, Brazil. The values were used to determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and likelihood ratio (LR) of each index studied. The optimum cutoff point for each index was considered to be the cutoff point with the maximum Kappa coefficient for efficiency. The McNemar Test for the significance of changes was used to determine if these findings were in agreement when applied to this data.Results: Weight for height (WFH) at each site had the highest PPV and LR of 4 but was not signficant by the McNemar Test. Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) in India had the same PPV (77%) as WFH but a LR of 2. MUAC in India, Brazil and Ethiopia tested significantly for the McNemar Test. The cut-off point for MUAC in India and Brazil was determined to be <15.5 cm in India and Brazil but was <15 cm in Ethiopia. Waist circumference in India tested a significantly PPV of 64%, and a LR of 2.Conclusion: These results show that WFH and MUAC could be used with WFA to identify the MM child. The cut-off points for MUAC may vary per location. WC positive data suggests further study is warranted. The McNemar findings yielded significant evidence that statistically determined indicators can be established to identify MM. With further study these methods may prove to be an important component in the efforts to improve child survival.     

Determinants of bone mass in the Chinese old-old population

One hundred and eighty-eight elderly men and women were included in a study of bone mass at the neck of femur and its related factors. The study subjects were a subsample of a Hong Kong wide study of the elderly population aged 70 years and above. The study variables included age, sex, body measurements of height, weight, body mass index, dietary calcium intake, grip strength, 16 feet (5 m) gait speed, smoking, drinking, and years since menopause among women. The neck of femur bone mineral density among elderly men was about 1 standard deviation higher than that of women. Subjects aged 85 years and above had about 20% lower bone mineral density at the neck of femur when compared with those in the age group 70–74 years. Mean dietary calcium intake ranged between 300 and 430 mg/day and was not associated with bone mass. Multiple regression analysis showed that body weight, 16 feet gait speed, sex and alcohol consumption explained 46% of the total variance of femoral neck bone mineral density. Body weight was the most significant predictor of bone mineral density, with a partial correlation coefficient of 0.5. The maintenance of body weight within the acceptable weight range and promotion of physical fitness may be important measures in reducing bone loss in the elderly population.     

口唇及颏部相关性研究

目的 探讨正常青年人口唇及颏部的形态特征和相关性.方法 观察19～21岁200例(男女各100例)汉族青年口唇和颏部的形态,用游标卡尺测量人中凹长、唇高、唇厚和颏部的长度及高度.结果 人中凹长男(15.12±2.27) mm,女(14.89±2.31) mm ;上唇红厚男(10.44±1.62) mm,女(9.19±1.42) mm;上唇高男(22.76±2.92) mm ,女(21.35±2.00) mm;下唇红厚男(10.13±1.36) mm,女(9.03±1.33) mm;唇下长度男(9.36±1.95) mm,女(8.97±1.87) mm;下唇高男(14.53±1.90) mm ,女(15.02±3.27) mm;颏部长度男(28.97±3.69) mm,女(26.68±3.37) mm;颏高 男(43.53±4.45) mm,女(43.31±3.63) mm.结论 男女两性间比较,上唇高、上唇红厚、下唇红厚和颏部长度,男性均大于女性,差异有显著意义(P＜0.01).上唇红厚与人中凹长和上唇高呈相关,下唇高与下唇红厚和唇下长度呈相关, 颏高与唇下长度和颏部长度呈相关.其方程关系对颌面外科和整形外科提供形态学基础.     

Central obesity and breast cancer risk: a systematic review

The specific effect of central rather than general obesity on breast cancer risk is not clear. This review examines the relationship between waist and waist–hip ratio (WHR) and risk of breast cancer in pre‐ and post‐menopausal women using all available cohort and case‐control data. The databases of the Cochrane Library, Medline, Cancer Lit and Embase were searched until October 2002. Relevant cohort and case‐control studies with separate analyses in pre‐ and/or post‐menopausal women were included. Random effects meta‐analyses were carried out, subgrouped by pre‐ or post‐menopausal status and cohort or case‐control design. Sensitivity analyses were also performed. Five cohort studies with 72 1705 person years of observation (453 pre‐menopausal and 2684 post‐menopausal cases), and three case‐control studies comprising 276 pre‐menopausal cases with 758 pre‐menopausal controls and 390 post‐menopausal cases with 1071 post‐menopausal controls were included. Pooled results from cohort studies using the most adjusted data [but without adjustment for weight or body mass index (BMI)] suggest a 39% lower risk of breast cancer in post‐menopausal women with the smallest waist (compared with the largest) and a 24% lower risk in women with the smallest WHR. In pre‐menopausal women, however, pooled results suggest that measurement of waist or WHR have little effect on risk of breast cancer. Adjustment for BMI abolished the relationship between waist or WHR and risk of post‐menopausal breast cancer, but introduced such a relationship amongst pre‐menopausal women. The relationship between a smaller measurement of waist or WHR and lower risk of post‐menopausal breast cancer appears to result from the associated correlation with BMI. Amongst pre‐menopausal women, central (not general) obesity may be specifically associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.     

社区退休居民的营养状况及干预要点

目的 :应用迷你营养评定 (MNA)结合人体测量学方法 ,以评价社区退休居民的营养状况。　方法 :115名上海社区退休居民接受MNA问卷调查和人体测量学检测 ,包括腰围、臀围、身高、体重、体质指数 (BMI)、中臂围、肱三头肌皮皱厚度 (TSF)、中臂肌围等。　结果 :① 2 4名 (2 0 .9% )受试者MNA总分 <2 3.5分 ,属营养不良或营养不良高危人群 ;②应用腰围、腰臀比和BMI评估 ,肥胖检出率分别为 5 3.9%、6 1.7%和 6 5 .2 % ;③根据中臂围、TSF和中臂肌围评估 ,中至重度营养不良的发生率分别为 1.7%、19.1%和 2 .2 % ;④MNA总分与多项人体测量学指标显著相关。　结论 :①社区退休居民中营养过剩和营养低下共存 ,必须加强营养干预 ;②MNA问卷在国人营养状况评价中具有一定的实用价值。     

Estimation of body composition from anthropometric and physiological measurements of obese college women

Relationships between anthropometric and physiological measurements and body composition were examined in 42 obese college women. Estimates of body density (BD), fat weight (FW), and fat free weight (FFW) were obtained by the helium dilution method. Anthropometric measurements included height, weight, 4 body diameters, 4 body girths, hand grip strengths, and 7 skinfold thicknesses; physiological measurements were daily urinary creatinine and basal metabolic rate. Simple correlation coefficients between each of these measurements and the estimates of body composition were less than 0.7, indicating little predictive accuracy from single measurements. Multiple correlation coefficients (R) were higher for FW (R=0.83 to 0.88) than for BD (R=0.64 to 0.75) or FFW (R=0.72 to 0.80). The equations that most accurately estimated body composition included skinfold thickness, hand grip strength, basal metabolic rate, and a variable calculated from height and weight. When equations selected from the literature were used, BD and FFW were consistently overestimated and FW underestimated.     

对新疆吐鲁番地区维吾尔族男女青壮年体质特征的调查研究

本文对吐鲁番地区维吾尔族青壮年527例进行体质调查见其头宽较大头长略小,多为圆头或超圆头型;头高亦稍大,故高头型多;形态面高及上面高略大,狭面与狭上面较多,狭上面尤甚;鼻宽较小,绝大多数为狭鼻型。身高中等,体型为中间型略偏宽短;腿型以中腿型最多。体质指数较小,体重、体型、身高胸围指数较大,表明维吾尔族体质较好。     

握杆操纵技术中手的测量

握杆操纵技术(HOTAS)是现代先进战斗机已普遍采用的一种新技木。安装在驾驶杆和油门杆上开关、按钮的位置,需要依据手的测量数据来设计。笔者对359名歼击机飞行员进行19个项目手的测量,并对测得的7539个数据进行统计学处理,提出可供飞机设计部门使用的有关数据。19个测量项目中,Ⅱ—Ⅴ邻指的指尖距、Ⅰ指尖至Ⅱ—Ⅴ指尖的弧长、握杆状态下Ⅰ指尖最大活动距离、驾驶杆和油门杆的适宜握径,为此项技术所特需,是其他测量手册中所没有的。从数据的相关分析和显著性测验中看出,身长与手长等项测量数据相关非常显著。     

人体关节活动范围的测量

为研究高速弹射时气流甩打伤的致伤机理,对我国飞行员的颈、肩、肘、腕、髋、膝和踝关节的活动范围进行了测量。本文第一次系统地提供了我国飞行员关节活动范围的数据及其与年龄、体型和身高的关系。此结果不但为航天航空弹射救生的研究提供了基础数据,也可以在人体工程学和运动生物力学等方面应用。     

PART I. TOTAL BODY WATER IN NORMAL ADOLESCENT MALES

This study was undertaken to obtain total body water (TBW) data suitable for derivation of body composition of the typical adolescent male. TBW by the deuterium dilution method, stage of sexual development and anthropometric parameters (weight, height and triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness) were determined in 108 males between 10 and 14 years of age, whose weight and height fell between the 10th and the 90th percentile of the NCHS reference data.
TBW/weight did not change significantly between 10 and 14 years, although a slight increase after age 11 years and from genital stage 2 to stage 5 was present. This indicates that body fat content decreases after 11 years and after genital stage 2, especially if the fact is taken into account that water content of fat-free body mass decreases during this age period.
The ability of single anthropometric parameters to predict TBW/weight was low (subscapular skinfold thickness, r = -0.62; triceps skinfold thickness, r = -0.54; weight/height cube ratio, r = -0.48). Even with the use of various combinations of anthropometric parameters in multiple stepwise prediction equations it was not possible to explain more than 50% of the variation of TBW/weight and the high standard error of the estimate indicated large errors in prediction. Thus, body composition of normal adolescent males cannot be predicted with an acceptable degree of accuracy by anthropometric parameters. On the other hand, the deuterium dilution method using salivary water represents a noninvasive method for the determination of TBW which is quite simple and suitable for field studies.