鼻阻塞对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的影响研究

目的 分析研究鼻阻塞对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）的影响.方法 回顾性分析该院在2011年12月-2012年12月期间收治的118例OSAHS患者的临床资料,其中59例伴有鼻阻塞为实验组,59例无鼻阻塞为对照组,对比分析两组的舌位评分的分布、AHI检查情况及鼻声反射的测试情况.结果 两组患者的舌位评分和睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）为正相关性（r=0.301,P ＜0.01） .且实验组Ⅲ及Ⅳ型相对危险度显著高于对照组,同时鼻声反射的测试值显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）.结论 对于舌位评分为Ⅲ及Ⅳ型的OSAHS患者来说,鼻阻塞可增加AHI值及相对危险度,在临床中需要严格重视.     

结核特异性抗原与CD4+T细胞计数比值对AIDS合并肺结核的辅助诊断价值

目的:评价结核特异性抗原(TBAg)与CD4⁺T淋巴细胞(简称“CD4”)计数的比值(TBAg/CD4)对AIDS合并活动性肺结核(PTB)的辅助诊断价值。方法:采用前瞻性研究的方法,参照入组标准纳入2018年1月至2020年12月苏州市第五人民医院收治的262例疑似活动性PTB的AIDS患者,并将患者分为AIDS+PTB组(152例)和AIDS组(110例)。采集患者入院次日清晨静脉血进行干扰素体外释放酶联免疫法(TB-IGRA)、血常规、CD4检测,比较两组间TBAg水平和TBAg/CD4比值的差异。以临床诊断为参考标准,评价TB-IGRA检测AIDS合并PTB的效能,并以受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)下面积(AUC)确定诊断效能最佳的检测指标。结果:以临床诊断为参考标准,TB-IGRA检测AIDS合并活动性PTB的敏感度和特异度分别为53.95%(82/152)和75.45%(83/110)。TB-IGRA检测AIDS+PTB组的TBAg、TBAg/CD4水平[分别为92.51(-68.20,906.10)pg/ml和1.01(0.00,10.12)]均明显高于AIDS组[分别为85.20(-33.80,801.30)pg/ml和0.11(0.00,2.07)],对照培养管抗原浓度[529.50(12.50,1160.50)pg/ml]明显低于AIDS组[694.50(29.90,990.00)pg/ml],差异均有统计学意义(Z=-3.481、-9.557、3.289,P值均<0.001)。ROC曲线分析显示,对照培养管抗原浓度、TBAg、TBAg/CD4对诊断AIDS合并活动性PTB的AUC值分别为0.718、0.637和0.842;当TBAg/CD4的临界值为0.592时,约登指数最大,其敏感度为88.10%,特异度为77.10%。结论:相较于AIDS患者,AIDS合并PTB患者的TBAg和TBAg/CD4水平均明显升高,尤以TBAg/CD4诊断价值高,结合患者免疫状态的影响,认为TBAg/CD4对AIDS合并PTB患者具有一定辅助诊断价值。     

人类免疫缺陷病毒暴露前预防的应用与挑战

抗病毒治疗不仅将HIV感染从一个致死性疾病转变为一种可以治疗的慢性疾病，同时减少了HIV在人群间的传播，近年来“治疗即是预防”的观念已被人们所认可。随着研究的深入，人们发现HIV暴露前预防（PrEP）能有效减少HIV在高危人群间的传播。临床试验显示PrEP是安全的，可以有效预防HIV感染。目前，欧美国家及WHO指南均推荐对男男性行为者、感染HIV高风险的异性性行为者、HIV单阳伴侣中的HIV阴性者以及静脉吸毒者等高危人群进行PrEP。推荐使用的药物和方法是每日口服替诺福韦和恩曲他滨合剂，部分人群也可使用替诺福韦。PrEP应结合其他预防措施如安全套使用、静脉吸毒的处理以及抗病毒治疗来进一步降低HIV感染的风险。目前，PrEP面临的主要挑战是伦理学、药物可及性、服药依从性以及使用率等问题，应该针对高危人群大力推行PrEP，让更多的人群受益减少HIV感染。     

Application of Plasma Genotyping Technologies in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Practical Review

The rational treatment of metastatic NSCLC hinges on the timely detection of potentially targetable genomic alterations to guide therapy. Recent advances in highly sensitive genotyping technologies have allowed for development of novel plasma genotyping assays that are capable of noninvasively detecting targetable alterations in plasma cell-free DNA without reliance on traditional tissue genotyping. The rapid development of plasma genotyping has led to an explosion in the number of assay platforms available from both commercial and laboratory sources. The sheer number of such platforms has led to confusion among oncologists as to both the test characteristics and limitations of individual plasma genotyping assays and the clinical context in which these tests may be utilized either alone or in combination with traditional tissue genotyping. Reliable data from prospective validation against a tissue genotyping reference standard are available for only a limited number of platforms. Careful retrospective validation of alternative platforms utilizing paired tissue and plasma specimens collected under the auspices of clinical trials represent an alternative but reliable validation strategy. A consistent trend among these well-validated plasma genotyping assays has been the observation of high specificity and positive predictive value and more limited sensitivity. At present, validated assays can be considered actionable in instances in which a targetable genomic alteration is detected or an alternative nontargetable driver mutation is detected and can be used to infer the absence of one of the former.     

Rapidly progressive bilateral postmeningitic deafness in children: Diagnosis and management

ObjectivesTo determine the diagnostic approach to severe or profound bilateral postmeningitic deafness and to propose management guidelines.Material and methodsA retrospective review of five patients (two adolescents and three infants) with rapidly progressive severe bilateral deafness following an episode of meningitis managed between 2004 and 2010.ResultsThe two adolescents presented Neisseria meningitidis meningitis and the three infants presented Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis. Acquired bilateral deafness was diagnosed by audiometry an average of 68.8 days (range: 9–210) after the episode of meningitis. Behavioural audiological testing, adapted to age and state of health, was performed in all patients. Deafness was confirmed by Auditory Brainstem Response tests. All five patients were assessed by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within ten days. T2-weighted MRI sequences showed endolymph changes in four patients. CT scan demonstrated ossification in only one patient. Bilateral cochlear implant was performed in all patients, with complete electrode array insertion for eight implants and partial insertion for two implants (20 and 21 out of 22 electrodes inserted). Good results were obtained with cochlear implants in four cases.ConclusionsBilateral deafness can occur immediately or several months after bacterial meningitis, regardless of the micro-organism responsible, justifying screening by behavioural audiological testing adapted to age for two years following bacterial meningitis. Auditory Brainstem Response testing can confirm audiometric findings. When severe or profound bilateral deafness is observed, MRI must be performed urgently to detect endolymph inflammation or ossification. Early bilateral cochlear implantation is recommended in the presence of ossification.