ABC分类与信息管理法在医院药库管理中的工作效率分析

目的比较医院药库管理中采用ABC分类和信息管理法的工作效率。方法利用我院药库计算机管理系统对我院2012年1月至2013年12月的药品销售及库存数据信息进行分析,采用两种物流分类管理方法,即ABC分类法、信息管理法,分析每种分类管理方法所占资金、库存量等指标。结果两种方法年药品采购种类、采购周期、安全库存周期、年采购金额和年采购次数比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。信息管理法的年采购药品种类多于ABC分类法,其安全库存周期和年采购金额短于ABC分类法,年采购次数少于ABC分类法。两种方法的库存周转率、平均库存值、断货率、药品资金占用率、采购周期和盘点工作量比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),信息管理法库存周转率大于ABC分类法,平均库存值、断货率和药品资金占用率低于ABC分类法,药品采购周期和盘点工作量短于ABC分类法。通过分析每月Q1(流入累计)与Q2(流出累计)所包围的面积,ABC分类法每月库存周转量低于信息管理法。结论应综合考虑影响药品合理库存的因素,以科学性和实用性为原则,在减少药品和资金浪费的基础上满足患者和临床治疗的需求,制定合理的医院药库管理方法。     

临床药师在口腔颌面外科的药学服务

临床药师开展药学查房、药学问诊、医嘱审核等药学服务的实践,总结颌面外科的工作内容与经验,探索颌面外科的药学工作模式,提高药学服务水平,促进合理用药。     

临床药师在多学科疼痛管理团队中的作用及工作模式

积极采取有效的镇痛措施缓解疼痛,提高患者的舒适度和生活质量,是疼痛管理工作的重要内容。要达到这个目标,医院必须具备完善的镇痛能力和疼痛管理团队。我院通过借鉴国内外先进经验,结合本院临床现状,成立了多学科合作的疼痛管理团队,并将临床药师作为团队重要成员参与用药教育、用药方案的制定与调整以及监测药物治疗情况等临床药学相关工作,形成了临床药师在多学科疼痛管理团队中的初步工作模式。     

Adolescent but not adult rats exhibit ethanol-mediated appetitive second-order conditioning

Background: Adolescent rats are less sensitive to the sedative effects of ethanol than older animals. They also seem to perceive the reinforcing properties of ethanol. However, unlike neonates or infants, ethanol‐mediated appetitive behavior is yet to be clearly shown in adolescents. Appetitive ethanol reinforcement was assessed in adolescent (postnatal day 33, P33) and adult rats (P71) through second‐order conditioning (SOC). Methods: On P32 or P70, animals were intragastrically administered ethanol (0.5 or 2.0 g/kg) paired with intra‐oral pulses of sucrose (CS₁, first‐order conditioning phase). CS₁ delivery took place either 5–20 (early pairing) or 30–45 minutes (late pairing) following ethanol administration. The time interval between CS₁ exposure and ethanol administration was 240 minutes in unpaired controls. On P33 or P71, animals were presented the CS₁ (second‐order conditioning phase) in a distinctive chamber (CS₂, second‐order conditioning). Then they were tested for CS₂ preference. Results: Early and late paired adolescents, but not adults, had greater preference for the CS₂ than controls, a result indicative of ontogenetic variation in ethanol‐mediated reinforcement. During the CS₁‐CS₂ associative phase, paired adolescents given 2.0 g/kg ethanol wall‐climbed more than controls. Blood and brain ethanol levels associated with the 0.5 and 2.0 g/kg doses at the onset of each conditioning phase did not differ substantially across age, with mean blood ethanol concentration of 38 and 112 mg%. Conclusions: These data indicate age‐related differences between adolescent and adult rats in terms of sensitivity to ethanol’s motivational effects. Adolescents exhibited high sensitivity for ethanol’s appetitive effects. These animals also showed ethanol‐mediated behavioral activation during the SOC phase. The SOC preparation provides a valuable conditioning model for assessing ethanol’s motivational effects across ontogeny.     

Input and output modes modulate phonological and semantic contributions to immediate serial recall: Evidence from a brain-damaged patient

Psycholinguistic models of short-term retention suggest that performance at verbal short-term memory (STM) tasks relies on the activation of phonological, lexical, and semantic representations, the relative impact of each depending on task variables. This was tested in normal individuals and in I.R., a brain-damaged patient with a phonological deficit. In Experiment 1, the effect of phonological and semantic similarity was assessed under different presentation formats (words, pictures) and recall modes (oral, picture pointing, and picture pointing among distractors). In Experiment 2, effects were compared using reproduction and reconstruction responses. When words were used at input, controls showed robust phonological similarity effects irrespective of response mode. In contrast, I.R. showed a reliable semantic effect. However, both studies indicated that when response mode promoted order recuperation (reconstruction and picture pointing modes), I.R. showed a typical phonological similarity effect with no semantic contribution. The data support current psycholinguistic views suggesting that the short-term retention of verbal items depends on the temporary activation of word representations. In healthy controls, presentation mode appears to modulate the role of those representations but in I.R., it was the output condition—particularly whether order was or was not required—that was found to be crucial with respect to the appearance of semantic or phonological effects. This supports the important role that order information plays in short-term memory tasks.     

Continuous positive airway pressure improves work of breathing in pediatric chronic heart failure

BackgroundSleep disordered breathing (SDB) is common in adults with chronic heart failure (CHF), but its prevalence in children remains unclear. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the treatment of SDB but deleterious hemodynamic effects have been reported.MethodsWe prospectively analyzed SDB in children with CHF and the effect of CPAP on work of breathing (WOB) and cardiac index (CI). Children aged 6 months to 18 years old with CHF due to: 1) dilated cardiomyopathy (DM) with an ejection fraction < 45%, 2) functional single ventricle (SV) or 3) aortic or mitral valve disease awaiting surgery (VD) were eligible for the study. A polysomnography (PSG), measurement of WOB and CI during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPAP (6, 8 and 10 cmH₂O) were performed.ResultsThirty patients with mean age of 6.4 ± 5 years were included (16 DM 16, 10 SV, 4 LV). Twenty (73%) patients had a normal sleep efficiency. Median apnoeas hypopnea index (IAH) was within normal range at 1.6 events/h (0, 14) events/hour. Only one patient had central sleep apnoeas, none had Cheyne-Stokes respiration, and 3 patients had an obstructive AHI between 5 and 10 events/hour. Optimal CPAP level decreased WOB (p = 0.05) and respiratory rate (p = 0.01).ConclusionsSevere SDB was uncommon in children with CHF. However, CPAP may be beneficial by decreasing WOB and respiratory rate without deleterious effects on CI.     

Return to work after medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: A systematic review

IntroductionThis study aims to evaluate the current literature with regard to the average time to and overall rate of return to work (RTW) following medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA).MethodsA systematic search was conducted on MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase, Pubmed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library to identify studies reporting RTW after UKA. Primary outcomes were the rate and time to RTW after UKA. Secondary outcomes were postoperative changes in work intensity, functional scores, and factors affecting RTW. Methodological quality was evaluated using the the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) criteria.ResultsSeven studies met inclusion criteria. Results were summarized qualitatively. The overall methodological quality of the studies was moderate based on the MINORS score. These studies included 636 patients with 46.5% male. Mean age was 63.1 years. The average rate of RTW was 81.7%. The average time to RTW was 5.4 ± 3.9 weeks (range 1–32 weeks). 81.8% of patients in one study returned to an equally or more physically demanding job, while 83.5% were able to work the same or longer hours postoperatively in another study. Functional scores improved after surgery (n = 6 studies). Factors affecting RTW were postoperative rehabilitation, retirement, and the effects of surgery.ConclusionLimited evidence from the included studies with moderate quality suggests that UKA allows patients to RTW faster, with a high rate of RTW and improved functional outcomes. However, consensus definitions and methods of work status analysis are needed for future studies.     

Social Inequality in Birth Outcomes in Korea, 1995-2008

Social inequality in adverse birth outcomes has been demonstrated in several countries. The present study examined the separate and joint effects of parental education and work in order to investigate the causal pathways of social class effects on adverse birth outcomes in Korea. The occurrence of low birth weight, preterm births, and intrauterine growth retardation was examined among 7,766,065 births in Korea from 1995 to 2008. The effect of social inequality, as represented by parental education and work, was examined against adverse birth outcomes using multivariate logistic regression after controlling for other covariates. Parental education had the most significant and greatest effect on all three adverse outcomes, followed by parental work and employment, which had lesser effects. For adverse birth outcomes, the gap between educational levels increased steadily in Korea from 1995 to 2008. Throughout the analysis, the effect of maternal manual work on adverse birth outcomes was apparent in the study results. Given this evidence of social inequality in education and employment, social interventions should aim at more in-depth and distal determinants of health.     

Transition of newly graduated nurses in China: An evaluation study

The work adaptation of newly graduated nurses exerts a vital impact on their career developments. It is of great significance to guide newly graduated nurses to get acclimatized to the student-to-nurse transition. This study aimed to investigate the work adaptability disorder from the perspective of the organizational socialization and explore the potential factors of work adaptability disorder of newly graduated nurses. A cross-sectional study was performed. Convenience sampling was adopted to recruit 206 newly graduated nurses at four tertiary hospitals in China. The Work Adaptability Disorder Scale, the Transition Shock of Newly Graduated Nurses Scale, and the Organizational Socialization Questionnaire were utilized to measure the work adaptability disorder. The results showed the level of work adaptability disorder was mediocre among newly graduated nurses in China. The variables of gender, education, only child, family residence, transition shock, and organizational socialization could serve as predictors of work adaptability. Our research showed countermeasure of improving organizational socialization and relieving transition shock should be added to the training program of newly graduated nurses with purpose of promoting their adaptation.