An internal rate of return approach to investigate pharmacist supply in the united states

Internal rates of return were used to examine the status of pharmacist supply in the United States between the years 1987-1991. Age-earnings profiles were estimated for pharmacists, college graduates and high school graduates. Rates of return to pharmacists and college graduates were compared and a ratio of the pharmacist rate to the college graduate rate was computed for each year. Results suggest a shortage of pharmacists in the United States. Enrollments in pharmacy schools and adopted changes in the training of pharmacists are discussed in relation to their effects on the pharmacist labour market.     

Predictors, costs and characteristics of out of area placement for people with intellectual disability and challenging behaviour

Background Out of area placements for people with challenging behaviour represent an expensive and often ineffective strategy for meeting the needs of this service user group. Methods More than 800 agencies and service settings in a large area of South Wales were screened to identify children and adults with challenging behaviour against a number of defined operational criteria. Detailed data on identified individuals and the services they received were collected by interviewing key informants. Univariate and multivariate statistics were employed to identify predictors of out of area placement. Results In total, 1458 people were identified. Full data were available for 901 participants, 97 of whom were placed out of area. Predictors of out of area placement included behaviours resulting in physical injury and exclusion from service settings, a history of formal detention under the mental health act, the presence of mental health problems, a diagnosis of autism and higher total score on the Adaptive Behaviour Scale. Out of area placements were typically of high cost, and associated with only limited evidence of improved service quality. Conclusions Identifying predictors for out of area placement can be used to highlight deficiencies in local services and individuals at increased risk of exclusion from local services.     

Health and social service use among old people in the last 2 years of life

This study focuses on differences in health and social service use in the last 2 years of life among Finnish people aged 70–79, 80–89, and 90 or older and on the variation in service use in the various municipalities. The data set, derived from multiple national registers, consists of 75,578 people who died in 1998–2001. The services included hospitals and long-term-care facilities, use of regular home care, and prescribed medicines. General hospital and public long-term care were the services most commonly used: general hospitals for younger age groups and public long-term care for older groups. The number of inpatient days in hospital was lower with increasing age, but older age groups used long-term care more frequently. Men had more hospital inpatient days than women, but women used more long-term care. The number of hospital inpatient days increased rapidly in the last months of life, almost doubling in the final month. Days in public long-term care increased regularly in the last 2 years of life. Variation in both hospital and long-term care by municipality was remarkable. The results indicate that, among people aged 70 years and older, age is a major determinant of care in the last 2 years of life. The variation in the use of care by municipality and the differences between men and women deserve more detailed analysis in future.     

松解及眼轮匝肌下脂肪垫转移充填矫正重睑术后睑粘连畸形

目的矫正重睑成形术后的上睑粘连、重睑较宽、眼睑上抬受限等畸形。方法另设计重睑线,彻底松解眼睑内的组织粘连,释放眶隔内脂肪及转移眼轮匝肌下脂肪垫充填。结果两年来为32例重睑成形术后畸形者用此法治疗得到满意效果。结论此方法简单易行,效果好。     

急性颈脊髓损伤并发抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征的诊断和治疗

目的探讨急性颈脊髓损伤并发抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征的临床特点、诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析8例急性颈脊髓损伤并发抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征患者的临床资料。脊髓损伤分级:FrankelA级5例,B级3例;损伤节段:C4～53例,C5～63例,C6～72例。8例于受伤后3～7d行骨折椎体次全切除椎管减压、自体髂骨植骨融合及颈椎前路钢板内固定术。3例于术前,5例于术后3～7d发生低钠血症,所有患者低钠血症发生后第2～10d确诊SIADH,根据血钠水平,采用控制每日水量、补钠进行治疗。结果7例经10～21d治愈,血钠平均恢复至138(135～142)mmol/L,血浆渗透压、尿渗透压、尿钠均正常;1例C4骨折、FrankelA级者,因截瘫平面上升并发呼吸衰竭死亡。结论急性颈脊髓损伤并发抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征的发病机制与治疗措施不同于普通低钠血症,早期正确的诊治能降低患者病残率和死亡率,严格控制入液量及补钠为主要治疗方法。     

Foley尿管气囊压迫治疗骶前静脉丛大出血的评价(附6例报告)

目的:评价直肠癌根治术中用Foley尿管气囊压迫治疗骶前静脉丛大出血(MPVP)的临床价值。方法:分析1995~2005年用Foley尿管气囊压迫治疗骶前静脉丛大出血6例的临床资料。结果:6例骶前大出血中全部用Foley尿管气囊压迫控制出血,术中出血量为800~1700mL,Foley尿管于术后4d拔除3例,5d1例,6d2例,均无再出血,会阴切口均一期愈合。结论:Foley尿管气囊压迫治疗骶前静脉丛大出血是一种简单安全有效的治疗方法。     

A perspective on measurement of mutations in vivo.

The development of transgenic mouse lines with target genes that are suitable for tissue-specific mutagenesis studies is an important contribution to the field of environmental mutagenesis. These models can accommodate many of the questions relating to metabolism, distribution and relative potency of mutagens as well as providing a more comprehensive system for the identification of mutagens. However, the lesions that the field has learned about methods, development and validation from the use of in vitro systems must be applied to the development and validation of transgenic models.     

湿润烧伤膏在眼部整容术中的应用

目的：为减轻眼部整容术后反应，减少瘢痕形成。方法：采取手术后手法按压止血，伤口涂美宝湿润烧伤膏，冰袋冷敷，提前拆线的方法。结果：所有475例手术者，均提前两天拆线，创口Ⅰ期愈合，无明显瘢痕。结论：美宝湿润烧伤膏有促进伤口愈合，减轻瘢痕形成的作用。     

带血管骨膜瓣移植修复烧伤坏死管状骨的实验研究

目的探讨带血管骨膜瓣移植修复烧伤坏死管状骨的可行性，试图为临床修复烧伤坏死骨提供一种有效的方法。方法8月龄成年新西兰家兔20只，设一侧肢体的桡骨为实验组，另一侧为对照组，采用同体对照法。实验组保留带血管的骨膜瓣，从桡骨中下段离断1．2cm桡骨，置沸水中煮沸30min冷却后原位回植，再行骨膜瓣移植包绕、固定。对照组按上述方法处理后不移植骨膜瓣。分别于术后2、4、6、8～10、12周摄X线平片，同时分别处死4～5只兔并取两侧桡骨行组织学切片检查。结果实验组：术后2～4周在骨坏死区见到明显的骨膜增生影像；术后6～8周见骨折断端连接征象，新生骨小梁形成并逐渐改建；术后8—10周可见网织骨普遍融合重建，形成板层，新的哈佛系统形成；术后12周新生骨结构更加成熟，骨折愈合。对照组：术后2周仍为死骨，骨坏死区无骨膜增生现象；术后4、6周未见骨折愈合征象；8周可见骨缺损；12周坏死骨完全溶解、吸收，骨缺损区清晰可见，骨缺损区被少许纤维组织充填。结论带血供的骨膜瓣能不断形成新生骨并爬行替代原坏死骨，使坏死骨获得再生，能很好地修复烧伤坏死的管状骨。     

处女膜修补手术及麻醉方法的改进

目的；增大处女膜粘膜瓣的接触面，减少因麻醉造成的处女膜粘膜水肿，提高修复手术的成功率。方法：手术全部采用1％的卡因行粘膜表面麻醉。53例采用瓦合粘膜瓣法，3例用瓦合粘膜瓣联合阴道粘膜瓣修复法。结果：56例术后一月随访，53例处女膜孔径为一指，成功率94．64％。结论：采用1％的卡因粘膜表面麻醉，瓦合粘膜瓣法及瓦合粘膜联合阴道粘膜瓣修复法对处女膜修复是行之有效的。