可逆性输尿管部分梗阻动物模型的建立

目的 建立可逆性输尿管部分梗阻（PUUO）动物模型，并观察部分梗阻肾脏形态学改变。方法 成年雄性SD大鼠72只，将右侧输尿管上段埋入腰大肌建立PUUO动物模型，随机分为观察组和梗阻解除组。观察组24只，分别于1、2、4、8周各取6只，行二维超声检查及病理学检查；梗阻解除组48只，分别在2、4周各为24只大鼠解除梗阻，于梗阻解除后1、2、4、8周各取6只，行二维超声及病理学检查。结果 梗阻后积水肾盂前后径（APD）、肾盂容积（V）逐渐增大，最大肾实质厚度（RCT）逐渐减小，与正常值比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01），各时间段之间比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）；梗阻解除后，APD、V逐渐变小，RCT逐渐增加，与梗阻解除前比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01），各时间段之间比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。梗阻解除越早，恢复越快，病理学检查也支持这一结果。结论 该模型成功复制了PUUO所致肾脏形态学改变，是一种理想的PUUO动物模型。     

肾小管周围毛细血管损伤与肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的关系

目的 观察单侧输尿管完全梗阻(CUUO)模型中肾小管周围毛细血管(PTC)损伤与肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的关系.方法 建立SD大鼠CUUO模型,用免疫组化方法检测PTC的密度,TUNEL法对PTC和肾小管上皮细胞进行原位凋亡测定,透射电镜显示超微结构变化.结果 梗阻第1周,Flk-1阳性PTC数量变化不显著,肾小管上皮细胞凋亡很少见.第2、4周,Flk-1阳性的PTC数量减少,肾小管扩张或萎缩明显.电镜显示肾小管上皮细胞、PTC内皮细胞的死亡形式主要为凋亡;TUNEL显示肾小管上皮细胞凋亡在第14 d达到高峰,然后迅速下降.在梗阻第2周时,PTC密度与肾小管上皮细胞凋亡负相关(r=-0.863,P＜0.01).结论 PTC损伤是以内皮细胞凋亡为主要特征,PTC减少在肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的过程中发挥了重要作用.     

Idiopathic unilateral hyperhidrosis with Holmes-Adie syndrome: case report

Hyperhidrosis is a disease that is characterized by excessive sweating due to hyperactivation of eccrine sweat glands. It may be localized or generalized form. Holmes-Adie syndrome is an idiopathic disease with unilateral pupil dilatation and loss of deep tendon reflexes. We present a 37-year-old female patient diagnosed with unilateral hyperhidrosis coincident with Holmes-Adie syndrome because of this unusual presentation.     

Intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine 3 mg + fentanyl 10 microg for outpatient knee arthroscopy with tourniquet

BACKGROUND: Combination of local anesthetic and opioid enables the use of less spinal anesthetic and increases the success of anesthesia. Intrathecal opioid does not prolong motor recovery and thus should not delay discharge home. We hypothesized that 3 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine with 10 microg of fentanyl permits fast-tracking or shorter stay in post anesthesia care unit (PACU), and earlier discharge home, compared with 4 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine. METHODS: In this double-blind study, 100 outpatients undergoing knee arthroscopy received randomly either 4 mg of bupivacaine (B4) or 3 mg of bupivacaine + 10 microg fentanyl (B3F) intrathecally. The volume of 0.8 ml was injected at the L2/3 interspace over a 2-min period. A lateral decubitus position was maintained for 10 min. The sensory block was recorded by using thermal stimuli, and motor block was assessed according to a modified Bromage scale. Fast-tracking criteria were complete recovery of motor block, sensory block Th12 or lower and stable vital signs. RESULTS: One block (1%) failed. Motor recovery was faster in the B3F group: 60% of the patients recovered in 80 min or less compared with 28% in group B4 (P = 0.002). The PACU-time was shorter: 36 (10-103) vs. 55 (10-140) min, respectively (P = 0.005). Seventeen (B3F) vs. nine patients (B4) could bypass PACU (NS). Time to discharge home was similar in both groups. In the B3F group, 75% of the patients developed pruritus. CONCLUSION: Both solutions produced reliable spinal anesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy. The PACU-time was shorter in the bupivacaine-fentanyl group, but both groups reached home-readiness equally.     

Design and testing of a virtual environment to train stroke patients with unilateral spatial neglect to cross a street safely

Virtual reality (VR) entails the use of advanced technologies, including computers and various multimedia peripherals, to produce a simulated (that is, virtual) environment that users perceive as comparable to real world objects and events. In recent years, virtual reality technologies have begun to be used as an assessment and treatment tool in occupational therapy, in part because of the ability to create environments that provide patients with opportunities to engage in meaningful, purposeful tasks that are related to real-life interests and activities. The objective of this study was to determine the suitability and feasibility of using a PC-based, non-immersive, VR system (that is, a system in which the user has a reduced sense of actual presence in and control over the simulated environment) for training individuals with unilateral spatial neglect to cross streets in a safe and vigilant manner. A virtual environment, consisting of a typical city street, was programmed using Superscape's 3D-Webmaster, a 3D web-authoring tool. Twelve subjects, aged 55 to 75 years, participated in the initial feasibility study and, to date, a further eight subjects have participated in the intervention study. Six of the initial subjects and all eight of the intervention subjects had sustained a right hemispheric stroke at least 6 weeks prior to the study. The remaining subjects were healthy age-matched adults who were independently mobile and had no difficulty in crossing streets. The results show that this virtual environment was suitable in both its cognitive and motor demands for the targeted population and indicate that the virtual reality training is likely to prove beneficial to people who have difficulty with crossing streets. The generalizability of these results, and recommendations regarding the use of virtual reality as an occupational therapy intervention, must be substantiated by further studies using a range of VR platforms with people with different cognitive and motor disabilities.     

Anterior and posterior medialization (APM) thyroplasty

OBJECTIVE: In unilateral vocal fold paralysis with dysphonia, most of the paralyzed vocal folds may be medialized effectively by medialization laryngoplasty. However, if the posterior glottal gap is wide, these procedures may sometimes have a limit to medialize the posterior glottis and cannot be effective for acceptable voice quality. The objective of this study is to introduce a new surgical technique for medializing the membranous and cartilaginous portions of the paralyzed vocal fold: anterior and posterior medialization (APM) thyroplasty. METHOD: Six patients underwent APM thyroplasty. They completed preoperative and postoperative evaluation with acoustic analysis and video laryngoscopy. RESULTS: All patients satisfied their voice subjectively after surgery. The paralyzed vocal folds, membranous and cartilaginous parts, were medialized well, and the paralyzed arytenoid showed less anterior tipping postoperatively. On voice analysis all patients showed prolonged phonation times and decreased perturbations after surgery. CONCLUSION: The advantages of this procedure are to medialize the membranous and cartilaginous portions of the paralyzed vocal fold directly and to correct vertical mismatch between two vocal folds. This procedure might be especially indicated in the lateralized position of the paralyzed vocal fold but not in the higher paralyzed vocal fold compared with the normal vocal fold.     

Modulation of Intraocular Pressure by Unilateral and Forced Unilateral Nostril Breathing in Young Healthy Human Subjects

PURPOSE: To determine the effects of unilateral right/left nostril breathing (URNB/ULNB) and forced unilateral right/left nostril breathing (FURNB/FULNB) on intraocular pressure (IOP) and to examine the differences in the IOP during the various phases of nasal cycle. METHODS: Young healthy volunteers of either sex aged between 19-24 years, participated in the sessions using URNB/ULNB (n = 52) and FURNB/FULNB (n = 28). The nostril dominance was calculated from signals recorded on the PowerLab equipment, representing pressure changes at the end of the nostrils during respiration. The IOP was measured with Tono-Pen. The subjects were divided into 4 groups viz. right nostril dominant (RND), left nostril dominant (LND), transitional right nostril dominant (TRND) and transitional left nostril dominant (TLND) groups. The IOP data 'before and after' URNB/ULNB or FURNB/FULNB were compared by using paired t-test. The baseline data of IOP between the groups were analysed by using independent samples t-test. RESULTS: The URNB decreased the IOP in the LND and TLND (p < 0.01) and also in the RND (p < 0.05) groups but not significantly in the TRND group. The ULNB decreased the IOP in the RND group (p < 0.01) only. The FURNB significantly reduced the IOP (p < 0.05) only in the LND and RND groups. The FULNB decreased the IOP but not significantly. The baseline IOP did not differ significantly between the LND, RND, TLND and TRND groups. CONCLUSION: The URNB/FURNB reduced the IOP, while ULNB/FULNB failed to increase the IOP significantly. It is suggested that the lowering of IOP by URNB indicated sympathetic stimulation.     

"Hemicrania continua": A third Norwegian case

Another case of hemicrania continua is described--that of a 54-year-old woman, who for the past 3 years has had continuous, left-sided headache. Before this period she had non-continuous headache, otherwise resembling the present one, for 3-4 years. In the chronic stage, the headache fluctuates considerably. Indomethacin in a dosage of 150 mg/day abolishes the headache completely. In hemicrania continua, there may thus, as in chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, be a non-chronic stage, antedating the chronic one. The relative importance of the two stages cannot be assessed at present.     

Cerebral venous thrombosis mimicking acute unilateral vestibulopathy

We report a patient with cerebral venous thrombosis who presented with acute onset of severe prolonged vertigo, nausea, vomiting, unilateral decreased caloric response and occipital headache, simultaneously with acute venous cerebral infarcts on brain MRI. Although the patient had occipital headache, overall symptoms and signs closely mimicked those of acute unilateral vestibulopathy. Cerebral venous thrombosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute unilateral vestibular syndrome.