Children's and adults' salivary alpha‐amylase responses to a laboratory stressor and to verbal recall of the stressor

Salivary alpha‐amylase (sAA), an enzyme produced by the salivary glands, increases in response to physical and psychosocial stressors in adults. Whether similar increases are evident among children, though, is less clear, and there is a lack of studies directly comparing children's and adults' sAA responses to an identical stressor. In this study, 24 children (9–12 years; 12 female) and 26 adults (18–23 years; 16 female) were exposed to an identical psychosocial laboratory stressor and a recall interview regarding that stressor after a 2‐week delay. Saliva was collected before and 1, 10, 20, and 30 min after the stressor/recall interview. Among adults, concentrations of sAA increased on both study days, but similar increases were not detected among children. Findings suggest developmental differences in sAA reactivity, and underscore the need to characterize the confluence of elements that will reliably elicit sAA responses to mild stress in youth. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 598–602, 2010.     

The Time Has Come for Physicians to Take Notice: The Impact of Psychosocial Stressors on the Heart

A rapidly growing body of evidence supports a relationship between psychosocial factors and cardiovascular disease. In this article, a review of the epidemiologic and clinical research investigating this relationship concludes that psychosocial stressors can be both a cause and a consequence of cardiovascular disease events. Furthermore, recent data have shown that stress management might reduce future cardiac events in patients with cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, the influence of psychosocial risk factors on cardiovascular disease remains underrecognized compared with traditional cardiac risk factors. Physicians and their associates should screen for psychosocial stressors and recognize potential symptoms. Consideration should be given to developing improved liaison relationships with psychologic or behavioral specialists to facilitate more specialized interventions when appropriate. A variety of interventions conducted by appropriately trained mental health professionals have successfully improved stress in patients with cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. The time has come for physicians to recognize the impact of psychosocial stressors on cardiovascular disease.     

护理人员工作压力的研究分析

目的：通过对护理人员工作压力调查,可以掌握她们面临的工作压力特点。方法：使用＂一般情况调查表＂和＂护理工作压力源量表＂对新疆石河子地区三家医院的护理人员进行调查。结果：石河子地区护理人员在护理专业与工作、工作量与时间分配、工作环境和资源、患者护理方面的得分低于中国护士常模（P〈0.01）,而在管理及人际关系方面的得分高于中国护士常模（P〈0.01）,不同的文化程度、工作年限、职称、收入水平、夜班次数和婚姻状况使她们面临的压力存在差异。结论：护理人员面临的工作压力主要来源于管理及人际关系方面。     

煤炭企业管理者主要社会应激源研究

目的探讨煤炭企业管理者主要社会应激源状况。方法在开滦10万人口的总样本中,抽取比例为5%,即（10万人×5%=5000人）,采用分层整群随机法确定管理者样本为1146人。以自制的＂社会应激事件调查量表＂（Cronbacn信度检验系数为0.98）调查管理者主要社会应激源。结果社会应激源的来源,企业经理、中层管理、一般管理居于首位的均是社会环境的改善;企业经理、中层管理居于第二位的均是工作压力,一般管理者居于第二位的是经济压力;企业经理、中层管理居于第三位的均是经济压力;一般管理者居于第三位的是工作压力。企业经理感受压力居首位的是社会环境,其次是工作压力,末位是家庭问题。中层管理感受压力居首位的亦是社会环境,其次是工作压力,末位是家庭问题。一般管理感受压力居首位的亦是社会环境,其次是经济压力,末位是家庭问题。结论管理者更易＂先知先觉＂企业和社会的变化情况。因各管理群体的社会角色和实践不同,他们对各压力因素的感受不同。各管理群体关注相对较少的第四位均是家庭生活问题。     

Preventing Traumatic Stress: Public Health Approaches

Population-based approaches to the primary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) focus on the prevention of the stressor itself. Policy decisions also consider ways to allocate resources to best reduce potential damage from traumatic stressors and to ameliorate any resulting harm. A balance between broad risk prevention approaches and narrower treatment and recovery strategies can redistribute the risk of exposure and lead to fewer cases. Understanding that PTSD and its costs affect not only individuals who seek care, but also many others whose lives overlap with these individuals as well as society as a whole, further informs and shapes prevention decisions.     

不同群体的应激、应对与心理健康

目的：探讨不同受教育程度、性别、年龄群体的应激、应对与心理健康水平。方法：用自编社会应激事件调查量表、简易应对量表、SCL-90症状自评量表对某集团4745名员工进行问卷调查。结果：低等受教育程度群体的社会应激、积极应对、消极应对、SCL-90总分均最低，高等受教育程度群体的社会应激、积极应对、消极应对得分最高；男性的社会应激、积极应对、消极应对得分高于女性，SCL-90总分低于女性；年轻群体的社会应激和SCL-90总分得分高于年龄较大的群体。结论：后期的教育培训可能会改善心理健康水平。     

人格特征与职工应激评价的相关性研究

目的：对企业职工的应激评价与其人格特征的关系进行研究。方法：采用自制的社会应激事件调查量表和NEO-FFI人格问卷，抽取某企业集团4，745名职工进行应激源、应激水平和人格测量。结果：被试的压力总分与人格维度中的神经质(N)、外倾性(E)、宜人性(A)、严谨性(C)显著相关。与低应激组相比，高应激组的N、C分高而E、A分低。在10类应激源中有6类的应激评价分别受到一个或几个人格维度的影响。结论：以神经质为主的某些人格特征与职工的应激评价有一定的关联性。     

The effects of an acute psychological stressor on cardiovascular, endocrine, and cellular immune response: A prospective study of individuals high and low in heart rate reactivity

High and low reactors were preselected on the basis of their heart rate reactivity to a speech stressor in a prescreening session. In the main study, subjects were exposed to a mental arithmetic plus noise stressor. Cardiovascular activity was recorded during baseline and stressor, and blood was drawn prior to and following the stressor for endocrine and immune assays. Results revealed that the stressor decreased the blastogenic response to concanavalin A and increased natural killer cell numbers and cytotoxicity, absolute numbers of CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes, nor-epinephrine and epinephrine levels, heart rate, and blood pressure responses. In addition, cortisol and natural killer cell cytotoxicity responses to the stressor differentiated individuals high versus low in heart rate reactivity. These results suggest that the interactions among the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system are not only amenable to psychophysiological analysis but that such analyses may play an important role in illuminating underlying mechanisms.     

公务员工作压力源问卷的初步编制

目的：编制公务员工作压力源问卷。方法：首先，在访谈的基础上，初步编制了73个压力源项目。然后，对432名公务员进行了问卷试测，并根据试测结果进行了项目筛选。最后，对问卷的信效度进行了检验。结果：确定了公务员丁作压力源的7因素结构，即上级领导、工作责任、人际关系、工作任务、工作性质、完美倾向和职业前景(因素负荷：0．36—0．86)。7个维度累积解释总方差的52．4％，分半信度Q=0．78．问卷具有良好的信效度。结论：公务员工作压力源问卷可试用于相关的研究工作。     

Hemolysis resulting from surface roughness under shear flow conditions using a rotational shear stressor

The degree of hemolysis as a function of surface roughness value and roughened area under shear flow conditions was investigated using a rotational shear stressor. The shearing portion of the stressor is cone shaped in its upper and lower positions, with a cylindrical central section. Surface roughness was applied to the cylindrical section. Bovine blood was sheared for 30 min over a set of roughened surfaces of between arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) 0.1 and 0.8 mm covering 10% of the surface area of the cylindrical section (equivalent to 1.8% of the whole blood contact area) at a shear rate of 3750/s. The threshold value thus obtained for rapid increase in hemolysis was between Ra 0.6 and 0.8 mm. When sheared with a roughened surface of Ra 0.8 mm applied to the cylindrical surface at areas between 0 and 100% (equivalent to between 0 and 18% of the whole blood-contacting area), the hemolysis level did not increase from 10 to 100%, but a significant difference was obtained between 0 and 10%. This suggests that red blood cells were destroyed not by fatigue failure caused by rolling on the roughened surface, but due to the high shear stress generated by surface roughness. Moreover, it appears that the shear stress was generated over the entire cylindrical section, regardless of the area of surface roughness.