采用半透明效果实现医学三维整体可视化

目的通过改进直接体绘制技术（DVR）算法中的关键步骤，绘制能表达数据场中不同层次组织的内部结构。方法根据界面对光线的反射和物质本身对光线的衰减，将数据场划分为边界不丰富的简单数据场和边界丰富的复杂数据场，从而采用分段线性函数来构造阻光度传递函数（TF）；将数据场中低灰度体素点看为一种不发光但会导致采样光线衰减的物质；根据采样结束时采样光线的阻光度分布来调整TF，完成三维绘制。结果绘制出了不同层次组织的内部结构。结论本算法有效地解决了体素点相互遮挡的问题，实现了医学三维整体可视化。     

呋塞米与多巴胺联合应用对肝移植术无肝期肾功能及尿量的影响

目的比较背驮式原位肝移植术中持续输注小剂量多巴胺或呋塞米和多巴胺联合应用对无肝期肾功能和尿量的影响。方法背驮式原位肝移植术患者42例,ASAⅢ~Ⅳ级,随机分为多巴胺组(D组)和呋塞米-多巴胺组(F组),每组21例。两组均于麻醉诱导后静脉泵注多巴胺(2~5μg.kg-1.min-1)至术毕,F组则在无肝期开始时静注呋塞米0.1mg/kg。观察无肝期输液量、血液动力学和尿量,检测血清肌酐(Cr)和肌酐清除率(CCr)。结果与D组比较,F组无肝期尿量明显增多(P<0.05);两组无肝期时间、输液量和心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、每搏量(SV)、心输出量(CO)、全身血管阻力(TSVR)、Cr、CCr差异无显著意义。结论肝移植术中持续泵注多巴胺和呋塞米联合应用可明显增加无肝期尿量。     

Caudate nucleus volume and cognitive performance: Are they related in childhood psychopathology?

BACKGROUND: Impaired neuropsychological test performance, especially on tests of executive function and attention, is often seen in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Structures involved in fronto-striatal circuitry, such as the caudate nucleus, may support these cognitive abilities. However, few studies have examined caudate volumes specifically in children with ASD, or correlated caudate volumes to cognitive ability. METHODS: Neuropsychological test scores and caudate volumes of children with ASD were compared to those of children with bipolar disorder (BD) and of typically developing (TD) children. The relationship between test performance and caudate volumes was analyzed. RESULTS: The ASD group displayed larger right and left caudate volumes, and modest executive deficits, compared to TD controls. While caudate volume inversely predicted performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in all participants, it differentially predicted performance on measures of attention across the ASD, BD and TD groups. CONCLUSIONS: Larger caudate volumes were related to impaired problem solving. On a test of attention, larger left caudate volumes predicted increased impulsivity and more omission errors in the ASD group as compared to the TD group, however smaller volume predicted poorer discriminant responding as compared to the BD group.     

直肠癌术中保留盆腔自主神经对男性排尿及性功能的影响

目的探讨直肠癌根治术中保留盆腔自主神经（PANP）对男性排尿及性功能的影响。方法以问卷彤式调查48例直肠癌患者PANP手术和24例非PANP手术前、后的排尿功能和性功能，比较分析行直肠癌根治术的PANP组和非PANP组患者术后排尿和性功能指标及直肠癌的局部复发率。结果PANP组患者术后排尿及性功能部分指标优于对照组（P〈0．05），两组术后局部癌肿复发率比较尤显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论直肠癌患者根治术中实施PANP，既不增加局部癌肿复发率，还可以改善患者的排尿和性功能，提高患者的生存质量。     

Pulsatile Perfusion Reduces the Incidence of Delayed Graft Function in Expanded Criteria Donor Kidney Transplantation

The use of expanded criteria donors (ECD) has been proposed to help combat the discrepancy between organ availability and need. ECD kidneys are associated with delayed graft function (DGF) and worse long-term survival. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of pulsatile perfusion (PP) on DGF and graft survival in transplanted ECD kidneys. From January 2000 to December 2003, 4618 ECD kidney-alone transplants were reported to the United Network for Organ Sharing. PP was performed on 912 renal allografts. The prognostic factors of DGF were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Risk factors for reduced allograft viability were greater in donors and recipients of PP kidneys. Three-year graft survival of ECD kidneys preserved with PP was similar to cold storage (CS) kidneys. The incidence of DGF in PP kidneys was significantly lower than CS kidneys (26% vs. 36%, p < 0.001). Despite having a greater number of risk factors for reduced graft viability, the ECD-PP kidneys had similar graft survival compared to ECD-CS kidneys. The use of PP, by decreasing the incidence of DGF, may possibly lead to lower overall costs and increased utilization of donor kidneys.     

The effects of KATP channel modulators on counterregulatory responses and cognitive function during acute controlled hypoglycaemia in healthy men: a pilot study.

AIMS: To examine the effects of agents that alter potassium adenosine triphosphate (KATP) channel activity in beta-cells on cognitive function and counterregulatory hormone responses during acute hypoglycaemia, given the physiological similarities between the pancreatic beta-cell and the hypothalamic glucose-sensitive neurones (GSN) and the widespread distribution of sulphonylurea receptors in neuronal cells throughout the brain. METHODS: Ten healthy males were studied on four occasions and in random order underwent three stepped hypoglycaemic (plasma glucose aims: 3.4, 2.8, 2.4 mmol/l) and one euglycaemic (plasma glucose aim: 5 mmol/l) insulin clamps. Prior to each hypoglycaemic study, volunteers received either 10 mg glibenclamide, or 5 mg/kg diazoxide or placebo orally. Cognitive function, symptom scores and counterregulatory hormone responses were measured at each glycaemic level. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant effect of either drug on the symptoms generated or the counterregulatory hormonal response during hypoglycaemia. However, cognitive function was better preserved during hypoglycaemia in the glibenclamide-treated arm, particularly four-choice reaction time which deteriorated at a plasma glucose 2.5 mmol/l compared with 3.0 mmol/l with diazoxide (P = 0.015) and 2.9 mmol/l with placebo (P = 0.114). CONCLUSIONS: Single doses of pharmacological agents which alter membrane KATP channel activity do not affect the counterregulatory response to hypoglycaemia but may modify cognitive function during cerebral glucopenia. The unexpected effects of glibenclamide on cortical function suggest a novel action of sulphonylureas that warrants further investigation.     

急性等容性血液稀释对肝脏手术纤维蛋白降解产物D-二聚体和凝血功能的影响

目的探讨急性等容性血液稀释(ANH)对肝脏手术纤维蛋白降解产物D二聚体和凝血功能的影响。方法肝脏手术患者60例随机均分为三组,Ⅰ组行ANH,红细胞压积(Hct)为30%;Ⅱ组行ANH,Hct为25%;Ⅲ组为对照组不行ANH。所有行ANH患者均经肘部静脉或其他大静脉采血,放血时间为15～30min,血液存于含PCD的采血袋;下肢同步输注等容量6%羟乙基淀粉(HES),直到Hct降至30%或25%,并维持血液动力学稳定。所采集的血液室温保存于手术室,结合术中失血量和循环情况在手术结束前行自体输血;分别于ANH前、ANH后30、60min、手术结束和手术后12h采静脉血测定血小板计数(Plt)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白降解产物D二聚体和Hct。结果Ⅰ、Ⅱ组术中出血量较Ⅲ组显著减少(P<0.05);Ⅰ、Ⅱ组ANH后和术中PT、TT较Ⅲ组显著延长(P<0.05,P<0.01),Plt显著下降(P<0.05,P<0.01),但仍在正常范围内,回输自体血后上述指标明显恢复,手术野和切口无异常出血;三组D二聚体无明显改变(P>0.05)。结论术前对肝脏手术患者进行ANH至Hct降至30%～25%之间是安全的,对凝血功能和纤溶系统无明显影响且可减少术中出血量。     

Tissue microarray analysis of EGFR and erbB2 copy number changes in ovarian tumors

The objective of this study was to assess the implication of copy number changes of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and erbB2 genes in the etiology and progression of ovarian tumors. In our study, we used the highly reliable method of fluorescent in situ hybridization, applied on tissue microarray, containing 1006 ovarian tumors from different malignancy, histologic type and grade, and tumor stage, in order to analyze the correlations between gene copy number changes and tumor phenotype. We established copy number changes of erbB2 in 15.30% of malignant ovarian tumors-8.16% amplifications and 7.14% gains. The frequency of EGFR copy number changes was 10.67%-3.65% amplifications and 7.02% gains. EGFR gains occurred with approximately the same frequency in malignant (7.02%), low malignant potential (8.33%), and benign (7.19%) ovarian tumors. ErbB2 amplification was associated with clear cell type of ovarian cancer (P < 0.04). No amplification of EGFR and erbB2 genes was established in tumors with low malignant potency and in benign tumors. Regarding cancer phenotype, there was no statistically significant association between erbB2 copy number changes and histologic grade as well as tumor stage of ovarian cancer. EGFR gains are early events in ovarian tumorigenesis. Our results showed similar frequencies of EGFR gains in different grade tumors, while EGFR amplification increased from grades 1 to 2 to 3.