硫酸镁对新斯的明拮抗阿曲库铵肌松效应的影响

目的研究硫酸镁对新斯的明拮抗阿曲库铵肌松效应的影响.方法将40例接受择期妇科腹腔镜手术的按照美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)体格情况分级为Ⅰ级患者随机分为A、B、C、D 4组,每组10人.具体为:A、C组患者在麻醉诱导前静脉输注30 mg/kg硫酸镁并进行配对,而B、D组则输注相等容量的生理盐水并进行配对.用芬太尼和异丙酚进行麻醉诱导,并采用四次成串刺激方式进行肌松监测.借助阿曲库铵0.50 mg/kg进行插管,当四次成串刺激中第1个反应与对照反应的比值(T1/TC)恢复至10%时,给予C和D组患者新斯的明(0.02 mg/kg)和阿托品(0.01 mg/kg)合剂;而A和B组患者则给予等容量的生理盐水.在予以肌松拮抗剂或生理盐水后10 min内每隔1分钟记录肌松恢复情况(T1/TC值).观察输注硫酸镁或生理盐水及新斯的明和阿托品合剂时血流动力学变化情况,同时记录患者的不适情况.结果A、B两组肌松恢复至10%后的恢复速度差异无显著性(P＞0.05);C组肌松恢复至10%后的肌松恢复速度低于D组(P＜0.05).AC组肌松恢复效应的差值小于BD组(P＜0.05).在给予硫酸镁及新斯的明和阿托品合剂后,所有患者血流动力学稳定,并未出现心率、血压明显波动.结论麻醉诱导前预注射硫酸镁可以降低新斯的明对阿曲库铵肌松的拮抗效应.     

Cross-tolerance between spinal neostigmine and morphine in the rat

Background. Direct or indirect acting cholinergic muscarinicagonists such as neostigmine, are potent antinociceptives whenadministered intrathecally (i.t.). This study examines whetherspinal neostigmine tolerance and cross-tolerance to spinal morphineoccurs. Methods. Rats (32/group) were implanted with miniosmotic pumpsdelivering either i.t. saline 1 µl h^–1 (S), morphine10 nmol µl^–1 h^–1 (M), or neostigmine 3 nmolµl^–1 h^–1 (N). Latencies (infrared thermalwithdrawal rear paw) were measured daily for 6 days after whichfour animals from each group were given one i.t. challenge doseof morphine (m) 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 nmol, or neostigmine (n)0.3, 3, 10, or 30 nmol. Results. Neostigmine and morphine-infused animals both developedtolerance to spinal neostigmine, but neostigmine-infused animalsshowed no significant cross-tolerance to spinal morphine; meanED₅₀ nmol (CI 95%) dose–response values were Sn 2.6 (1.9–3.5),Mn 15.6 (9.9–24.6)*, Nn 18.7 (11.7–29.8)*, Sm 0.7(0.4–1.1), Nm 1.2 (0.8–2.0), Mm 152 (50–461)*(*significance vs saline infused control group). Conclusion. Thus, unidirectional cross-tolerance from morphineto neostigmine was evident. Previous studies suggest morphinehas a cholinergic mechanism of action partially accounting forits antinociceptive effect, which may explain this observedunidirectional cross-tolerance. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91: 427–9     

骶管内新斯的明对小儿术后康复的影响

目的　探讨新斯的明伍用吗啡对小儿术后康复的影响。方法　选取 4～ 12岁 ,ASA为Ⅰ Ⅱ级 ,行下腹部手术的小儿 40例为研究对象 ,以静吸复合加骶管麻醉 (骶管注入编号为① /②之一的 1%lidocaine 0 .6ml/kg) ,随机双盲法将实验对象分为两组 ,每组 2 0例 :Ⅰ组 (M组 )Mor 0 .0 2 5mg/kg ;Ⅱ组 (N0 .0 2 M组 )Neo 0 .0 2mg/kg +Mor 0 .0 2 5mg/kg。术后 2、4、8、12、2 4小时对其进行VAS镇痛评分 ,并观察呼吸循环功能状态 ,包括血压、心率、呼吸等生命指征 ,以及恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、尿潴留等不良反应。结果　术后MAP、HR、SpO2 、RR及手术时间、麻醉时间组间比较无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5)。Ⅱ组术后VAS镇痛评分明显低于Ⅰ组 (P <0 .0 5) ,且Ⅱ组的副作用发生率显著低于Ⅰ组 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　小儿骶管注入新斯的明 0 .0 2mg/kg +吗啡 0 .0 2 5mg/kg ,不但能增强吗啡 0 .0 2 5mg/kg的镇痛效果 ,而且明显减少吗啡的副作用 ,有利于小儿术后康复     

DIRECT ACTION OF 4-AMINOPYRIDINE ON THE CONTRACTILITY OF A FAST-CONTRACTING MUSCLE IN THE CAT

The effects of 4-aminopyridine on the contractility of the fast-contracting tibialis anterior and the slow-contracting soleus muscles of cats under chloralose anaesthesia have been studied. 2. 4-Aminopyridine, in doses of 0.5 mg/kg and above, produced a slowly developing increase in the twitch tension of directly stimulated chronically denervated and of indirectly stimulated innervated tibialis anterior muscles, but had little or no effect on twitches of soleus muscles. The effect on innervated tibialis anterior muscles was more pronounced than that on chronically denervated muscles, but it was nevertheless concluded that the whole effect on innervated muscles was the result of a direct action on the muscle fibres. The simultaneously occurring facilitatory action on neuromuscular transmission, which is manifested in the anti-curare action of 4-aminopyridine, had a faster time-course and occurred in both the tibialis anterior and the soleus muscles. 3. 4-Aminopyridine antagonized dantrolene sodium on the tibialis anterior muscle but not on the soleus muscle. The antagonism could be described as physiological antagonism since it simply reflected the opposing actions on contractility of the two drugs. 4. 4-Aminopyridine was without effect on maximal tetanic tension of either the tibialis anterior or the soleus muscle. 5. It seems clear from the literature that a species difference exists with regard to the ability of 4-aminopyridine to increase muscle contractility. The results described in this paper show that muscle differences within the same species also exist.     

Neostigmine for Treating Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction in Neurocritically Ill Patients

Background and PurposeAcute colonic pseudo-obstruction (ACPO) is a common but understudied complication in neurocritically ill patients. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine can be used to treat ACPO in patients who do not respond to conventional treatment. This study investigated the effectiveness and adverse events when using neostigmine to manage ACPO in neurocritically ill patients.MethodsThis retrospective study investigated patients with ACPO who were treated using neostigmine in the neurological intensive-care units at two centers between March 2017 and August 2020. Neostigmine was administered intravenously or subcutaneously (at doses ranging from 0.25 mg to 2 mg) according to the protocols at the two centers. The outcomes were bowel movements and the changes in colon diameters on abdominal radiographs. Safety events such as bradycardia, vomiting, salivation, and sweating were evaluated.ResultsThis study included 31 subjects with a mean age of 46.8 years (65.4% males). All patients had a bowel movement at a median of 120 minutes after administering neostigmine. The colon diameter decreased by a median of 17.5 mm (paired t-test: p<0.001) regardless of the dose and treatment protocols. Multilevel analysis confirmed that the mean colon diameter decreased from 66 mm pretreatment to 47.5 mm posttreatment (p<0.001), with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 13%. Three patients (9.7%) exhibited hypersalivation, sweating, bradycardia, and vomiting. Bradycardia (heart rate, 42 beats/minute) occurred in one patient (3.2%), and was successfully managed by injecting atropine.ConclusionsNeostigmine injection is a safe and effective treatment option for ACPO in neurocritically ill patients who fail to respond to conservative management.     

不同剂量新斯的明拮抗国产阿曲库铵肌松效应的观察

目的: 观察不同剂量的新斯的明拮抗国产阿曲库铵肌松效应。方法: 30例ASA Ⅰ~Ⅱ级择期手术患者分为3组,每组10例,分别给新斯的明20 μg/kg (N₂₀)、35 μg/kg (N₃₅)、50 μg/kg (N₅₀)拮抗国产阿曲库铵肌松作用,并测定各组TOF_0.70的时间。结果: 新斯的明20 μg/kg产生的肌松恢复弱于35 μg/kg和50 μg/kg。而35 μg/kg和50 μg/kg所产生的肌松拮抗效果相似。结论: 新斯的明剂量由20 μg/kg增加到50 μg/kg时,肌松拮抗加快,35 μg/kg为较理想剂量。     

成人重症肌无力眼肌型的临床特征

目的：分析成人重症肌无力眼肌型（OMG）患者的临床特征。方法：回顾性系列病例研究。收集2016年6月至2019年10月暨南大学附属第一医院眼科收治的40例成人OMG患者的病例资料,并对病程、性别比例、眼部表现、复视特征、眼外肌麻痹情况和辅助检查结果等进行分析。结果：40例成人OMG患者中男女比例为1∶1。病程中位数6个月（范围：1个月～10年）。27例表现为单纯复视（68%）,9例表现为单纯上睑下垂（22%）,4例表现为复视合并上睑下垂（10%）。31例复视患者中,水平复视20例（64%）,垂直复视11例（35%）,所有复视患者均表现为双眼多条眼外肌呈不同程度麻痹。31例复视患者中主要受累眼外肌分布：外直肌16例（52%）,上直肌6例（19%）,内直肌4例（13%）,下直肌3例（10%）,上斜肌1例（3%）,下斜肌1例（3%）。辅助检查显示新斯的明试验阳性32例（80%）,乙酰胆碱受体抗体阳性4例（10%）,合并胸腺异常5例（13%）,肌电图异常2例（5%）,合并甲状腺异常19例（48%）。结论：成人OMG临床表现多以水平复视为首发症状,其中外直肌受累较为常见。     

Antagonism of atracurium with neostigmine

In 36 patients in whom anaesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide and 0.5% isoflurane an atracurium-induced neuromuscular block was either allowed to recover spontaneously or antagonised with one of four doses of neostigmine (15 micrograms/kg, 35 micrograms/kg, 55 micrograms/kg or 75 micrograms/kg). The recovery times to a train-of-four ratio of 0.5, 0.75 and 0.9 were recorded. In patients given neostigmine, antagonism was at an average T1 of between 8.8% and 14.9%. There was no difference in the recovery times between the patients given neostigmine 35 micrograms/kg, 55 micrograms/kg or 75 micrograms/kg. Recovery after neostigmine 15 micrograms/kg was significantly slower than after the higher doses. One patient given neostigmine 75 micrograms/kg showed an unusual bimodal pattern of recovery. There appears to be no benefit in giving a larger dose than 35 micrograms/kg of neostogmine as a single bolus.     

鞘内新斯的明对布比卡因腰麻后低血压的预防作用

目的 临床观察不同剂量新斯的明鞘内注入对布比卡因腰麻后血压及心率的影响。方法 选择ASA1－2级的病人131例，随机分为对照组、实验1组、实验2组、实验3组。对照组采用布比卡因，实验组采用布比卡因加不同剂量的新斯的明，观察注药后血压及心率的变化，以及恶心、呕吐发生率等。结果 麻醉后，对照组血压明显降低，实验各组则明显升高，血压升高与新斯的明用量无明显关系。各组心率的增加相似，恶心、呕吐发生率与新斯的明剂量有关。结论 鞘内注入新斯的明具有比较显著的预防腰麻后低血压的作用。     

Time to peak effect of neostigmine at antagonism of atracurium- or vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block

Study Objective: (1) To determine the time to peak effect of neostigmine (time to peak antagonism) during atracurium- or vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block; and (2) to determine the effect on time to peak effect of neostigmine during atracurium-induced neuromuscular block, when the dose of neostigmine is increased from 35 μg/kg to 70 μg/kg.

Design: Prospective, randomized clinical study.

Setting: Gynecologic operating room suite at a university hospital.

Patients: 45 ASA I and II women admitted for gynecologic laparotomy.

Interventions: Anesthesia was performed with thiopental sodium, fentanyl, halothane, nitrous oxide, and atracurium or vecuronium. Train-of-four (TOF) stimulation and mechanomyography were used to monitor neuromuscular transmission. Neostigmine was administered while a constant degree of neuromuscular block was maintained at a twitch height at a point between 4% and 11% of the control twitch height, using a continuous infusion of atracurium or vecuronium. The patients were randomized to three groups, with 15 patients in each group. Group 1 received atracurium block antagonized with neostigmine 35 μg/kg; group 2 received vecuronium block antagonized with neostigmine 35 μg/kg; and group 3 received atracurium block antagonized with neostigmine 70 μg/kg.

Measurements and Main Results: The degree of neuromuscular block at antagonism was similar in the three groups. Time to peak effect (mean ± SD) on TOF ratio was significantly longer in Group 1 (9.7 ± 3.0 minutes) versus Group 2 (6.6 ± 1.4 minutes; (p < 0.05). The time to peak effect on TOF ratio during atracurium-induced block was reduced from 9.7 ± 3.0 minutes to 6.3 ± 2.0 minutes when the dose of neostigmine was increased from 35 μg/kg to 70 μg/kg (p < 0.05). The peak effect on TOF ratio was significantly greater in Group 3 compared with Group 1 (p < 0.05), while it was similar in groups 1 and 2.

Conclusion: The time to peak effect of neostigmine 35 μg/kg is about 6 to 10 minutes when antagonizing a constant degree of atracurium- or vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block at a twitch height at a point between 4% and 11%. Even though the time to peak effect was longer with atracurium than with vecuronium, clinically significant differences between the antagonizing effect of atracurium versus vecuronium block were not demonstrated. The time to peak effect during atracurium-induced block decreased when the dose of neostigmine was increased from 35 μg/kg to 70 μg/kg.