Serum digoxin concentrations in a representative digoxin — Consuming adult population

Summary As part of health examination of a representative sample of an adult population (n=8000) serum digoxin concentration was measured in 661 patients on continuous digoxin therapy. The prescribed mean daily dose of digoxin was significantly higher in men (223 µg) than in women (201 µg); the dose significantly decreased with increasing age. The mean serum digoxin concentration was the same in men and women and it differed insignificantly between age groups, although older persons tended to have a higher concentration. The age — adjusted mean steady state digoxin concentration was 1.02 ng/ml in men and 0.98 ng/ml in women; in about 60% the concentration was within the therapeutic range (0.80–2.00 ng/ml). The concentrations were clearly related to daily dose of digoxin. At equal dose levels old persons tended to have higher concentrations than younger persons. The interindividual variation in serum digoxin concentrations was very wide. However, when digoxin measurements in the same subjects were repeated about three months later, a good correlation between the two measurements was found. The interval between the last dose of digoxin and the collection of blood (up to 41 h) had relatively little effect on individual serum digoxin concentrations. Patients on concomitant thiazide or loop diuretic therapy had the same mean serum digoxin concentration as those not-receiving a diuretic. The mean concentration was significantly higher in patients taking a thiazide or loop diuretic combined with triamterene. The difference may have been due to an interaction between triamterene and digoxin.     

The detection of chemical impurities by high pressure liquid chromatography and the genetic activity of medical grades of pyrvinium pamoate inSaccharomyces cerevisiae andSalmonella typhimurium

The genetic activity of several medical grades of the anthelmintic drug pyrvinium pamoate, which is a dipyrvinium salt, was studied in a diploid mitotic recombination and gene conversion assay (strain D5 ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae), and in several haploid yeast reversion assays (strains XV185-14C, XY718-1A, and 7854-1A). All of the samples were recombinogenic in strain D5 and mutagenic in the haploid strains, however, the degree of genetic activity varied considerably among the medical grades of pyrvinium pamoate that were tested. Similarly, these samples varied in degree of mutagenicity when they were tested in strains TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA102 ofSalmonella typhimurium, but some of the medical grades of pyrvinium pamoate were mutagenic both in the presence and in the absence of the metabolic transformation system, whereas other medical grades of the drug required such activation to be mutagenic. In addition, the medical grades and dosage forms of several brands of pyrvinium pamoate were examined for purity by fluorescence high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a methanol:water (9010) solvent system. The HPLC data indicate that monopyrvinium salts are the major contaminants in these pharmaceuticals. In general, there is a correlation between the degree of genetic activity and toxicity, and the number and relative quantity of impurities found in each sample.     

视神经萎缩的治疗临床研究

目的 探讨视神经萎缩的有效治疗方法。方法 对324例526例眼视神经萎缩患,用胞二磷胆碱、肌苷做球后注射。结果 临床治愈88例,显效261例,进步106眼,有效率86．9％,收到了较满意的效果。结论 胞二磷胆碱、肌苷可通过卵磷脂的合成改善视神经周围的血液循环,刺激和促进视神经纤维的生物修补,从而导致视神经功能的改善和恢复。     

基于CiteSpace知识网络图谱的中药复方量效关系可视化分析

目的 探究中药复方量效关系这一领域的研究现状、研究热点和未来前沿,为今后的研究提供参考。方法 收集中国知网（CNKI）、万方（Wanfang）、维普（VIP）自建库至2022年9月16日与中药复方量效关系相关的文献,通过Note Express V3.6进行文献数据整合并建立中药复方量效关系数据库,以文献计量学为理论支持,利用Cite Space6.1.R3 Advanced最新版本绘制3D图谱,微软Excel 2016列表,对发文趋势、作者、机构、关键词、爆发词、术语等内容进行可视化分析。结果 最终纳入文献2656篇。年度发文量整体呈波动型上升,并在2010年达到顶峰。共有7606名学者参与了该领域的研究,其中仝小林院士、傅延龄教授发文量与平均被引次数较高,为中药复方量效关系研究领域的核心学者,具有较高影响力。涉及690个机构,北京中医药大学为领头机构。经关键词、术语等综合分析显示,“经方”“药对”“实验研究”“数据挖掘”为研究热点,而“药对”“数据挖掘”“半夏”近几年呈现较高爆发强度,预计成为该领域的前沿。另外,建议以中药配伍“十八反”中功效-剂量-毒性拐点的研究为切入点,拓展该领...     

不同浓度、剂量布比卡因用于剖宫产脊麻的效果比较

目的研究比较不同浓度、剂量,等比重布比卡因对产妇的麻醉效果及新生儿的影响,为临床麻醉提供参考依据。方法选择ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级初次足月妊娠拟择期剖宫产手术孕妇80例,随机分为A、B二组,每组各40例。均在左侧卧位下行腰-硬联合穿刺,L2-3进针,见脑脊液外流后,针斜面向下注入等比重布比卡因:A组:8mg(0·5%,1·6ml;配法:0·75%布比卡因2ml+脑脊液1ml);B组:9·6mg(0·6%,1·6ml;配法:0·75%布比卡因2ml+脑脊液0·5ml),20s注药完毕。记录麻醉前(基础值)和脊麻注药后1、3、5、7、10、15min各时间点的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脉搏血氧饱合度(SpO2)。测定并记录麻醉起效时间、平面固定时间、最高麻醉平面点(胸,T)、麻醉完全消退时间、下肢阻滞的最大程度、麻醉并发症等。结果A组感觉阻滞起效时间长于B组(69·27±21·48vs52·43±27·61s,P<0·05);两组最高阻滞平面(T4·50±1·44vsT4·10±0·57)及最高阻滞平面的固定时间(7·69±1·36vs7·35±1·22min)相似(P>0·05)。A组麻醉完全消退时间快于B组(218·40±18·57vs256·22±16·72min,P<0·05);Bromage评分A组明显小于B组(2·03±0·68vs2·93±0·21,P<0·05);麻醉后B组低血压发生率明显高于A组(P<0·05)。两组病人的麻醉效果均优,肌松满意。所有新生儿的Apgar评分均在7分以上,无组间差异。结论两组病人均产生了良好的脊麻效果,权衡利弊剖宫产脊麻时应用8mg(0·5%,1·6ml)布比卡因更为安全合理。     

Evidence for the existence of two forms of α2A-adrenoceptors in the rat

Summary The _2A-adrenoceptors in rat spleen, kidney, spinal cord and cerebral cortex were studied using [³H]-RX821002 radioligand binding. In the spleen, spinal cord and cerebral cortex, the ligand bound to saturable sites with a K _d of about 1 nmol/l and capacities of 134, 240 and 290 fmol/mg protein, respectively. Computer modelling competition curves for 39 drugs, including those for _2A-, _2B- or _2C-adrenoceptor selective drugs, indicated that the sites labelled by [³H]-RX821002 in the spleen consisted of a single population of _2A-adrenoceptors. However, the competition curves for guanoxabenz were definitely biphasic and resolved into two site fits, indicating that guanoxabenz was binding to both high affinity (K _d = 35 nmol/1) and low affinity (K _d = 8900 nmol/1) _2A-adrenoceptor sites in the proportions 57% and 43%, respectively. The K _d ^Sfor a number of ₂-adrenoceptor subtype selective drugs, measured in competition with [³H]-RX821002 in cerebral cortex and spinal cord, were highly correlated with those obtained in the spleen indicating their _2A-adrenoceptor nature. However, by contrast to the results with the spleen, the guanoxabenz competition curves for the spinal cord and cerebral cortex were monophasic and resolved only into one site fits, the K _d of guanoxabenz being about 4000 nmol/l for both tissues. Drug K _d ^Sfor kidney _2A-adrenoceptors were also determined using [³H]-RX821002. For nearly all drugs tested, the K _d ^Swere highly correlated with those found for the _2A-adrenoceptors in the other rat tissues. However, for guanoxabenz, the data indicated that it competed with [³H]-RX821002 at a single _2A-adrenoceptor site with a K _d of 39 nmol/1. When the rat _2A-adrenoceptor gene RG20 was transiently expressed in COS-7 cells and its ligand binding properties probed using [³H]-RX821002, the drug K _d ^Sobtained were also highly correlated with those found for the _2A-adrenoceptors in the spleen, cerebral cortex, spinal cord and kidney of the rat. For the RG20 encoded receptor, the guanoxabenz competition curves were steep and monophasic and modelled best into one site fits, with the Kd of guanoxabenz being 5200 nmol/1.It is suggested that guanoxabenz can differentiate between two forms of _2A-adrenoceptors in the rat: _2A1 and _2A2. The _2A1-form is present in the spleen and kidney where it shows a high apparent affinity for guanoxabenz. The _2A2-form shows a low apparent affinity for guanoxabenz and is present in the spleen, cerebal cortex and spinal cord. The _2A2-form of the rat ₂-adrenoceptor appears to be encoded by the RG20 gene. The _2A, and _2A2-adrenoceptor forms do not represent high and low affinity receptor forms for agonists because assays included EDTA, Gpp(NH)p and Na⁺, which eliminated the high affinity receptors for agonists.     

透析前注射单剂量低分子量肝素对透析器复用效率的评价

目的 评价血透前注射单剂量低分子量肝素（LMWH）与持续输注普通肝素（SH）对复用透析器效率的影响。方法 对30例慢性透析患者进行随机交叉对照研究,观察第1、4次透析的透析器纤维包裹容量（FBV）、透析前血球压积（HCT）及透析2h尿素氮、肌酐清除率;另外,利用生色底物法测定透析0h,2h,4h血浆肝素抗－Fxa水平。结果 同SH组比,LMWH组透析器复用次数增加（P＜0．05）,第4次复用透析器FBV及透析2h尿素氮、肌酐清除率无下降（P＞0．05）,SH组则下降（P＜0．05）,透析2h两组血浆肝素活性－Fxa水平差异无显著性（P＞0．05）,透析4hLWMH组高于SH组（P＜0．05）。结论 透析前单剂量注射LMWH能有效地保护复用透析器清除率,值得临床上进一步推广。     

2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone as a redox titrant

An oxidimetric titrant, 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone in anhydrous acetic acid is used for the semimicro-determination of hydrazine hydrate, phenylhydrazine hydrochloride, isoniazid and iproniazid phosphate in pure forms as well as in some pharmaceutical preparations containing isoniazid and iproniazid phosphate. The end point was detected potentiometrically using a platinum-calomel combination electrode. The results obtained are compared statistically with those obtained by the official methods and they are in good agreement.     

Chrome congestive heart failure: Study of low dosage prostaglandin--usages and complications

Low dosage intravenous (<0·01 µg. kg^–1.min^–1) and oral prostaglandin E have been reported toproduce fewer complications than higher intravenous doses inthe ductal manipulation of congenital heart disease. Over a3-year period 34 patients were treated with low dosage intravenousor oral prosraglandin. Eighteen (53%) had complications associatedwith this treatment with 14 having more than one complication.Major complications occurred in nine neonates: necrotising enterocolitis(7), apnoealbradycardia (5), convulsions (1), haemorrhage (1),and resulted in a change of management. This study thereforeconcludes that the high incidence of complications is similarwith both low and high dosages of intravenous and oral prostaglandmn.The use of prostaglandin in any form deserves caution.