A General Model for Testing Mediation and Moderation Effects

This paper describes methods for testing mediation and moderation effects in a dataset, both together and separately. Investigations of this kind are especially valuable in prevention research to obtain information on the process by which a program achieves its effects and whether the program is effective for subgroups of individuals. A general model that simultaneously estimates mediation and moderation effects is presented, and the utility of combining the effects into a single model is described. Possible effects of interest in the model are explained, as are statistical methods to assess these effects. The methods are further illustrated in a hypothetical prevention program example.     

社会进步标准的二维视角

一般认为生产力是社会进步的根本标准 ;近些年来 ,有的学者又提出人的发展是社会进步的最高标准。这两个标准关系如何 ,学术界一直争论不休。其实 ,马克思考察社会历史有主客体两个视角 ,应从两个视角的对立统一中把握社会进步标准。“生产力和社会关系这二者是社会的个人发展的不同方面” ,仅仅把生产力理解为历史尺度是片面的 ,还应当把它和人的本质、人的发展联系起来。长期以来 ,人们对人的标准在理解上存在着五个误区 :人的标准是主观的 ,而不是客观的 ;将人的标准误作生产关系标准 ;以偏概全 ,用伦理道德标准代替人的标准 ;用不属于人的标准的其他标准代替人的标准 ;将社会发展的代价说成是人的尺度。实质上 ,人的标准是一个综合性的标准 ,他包括人的各方面的需要的满足、人的各方面的能力的拓展、人的本质力量的增强。因此 ,不能将人的标准和生产关系标准、伦理道德标准或社会进步的代价混为一谈。     

多导人工耳蜗植入术后耳蜗X线显像

目的 探索适合于评价多导人工耳蜗植入手术效果的术后影像学检查技术。方法 多导人工耳蜗植入术69例69耳,其中Nucleus直电极53耳,Nucleus弯电极11耳,Nucleus22导5耳。手术采用耳后面神经隐窝入路。建立放射线耳蜗显像技术,并且所有多导电子耳蜗植入病例术后7-10天均行耳蜗位头颅X-线检查。结果 在69例69耳手术中均成功地植入多导人工耳蜗电极。术后1.0-1.5月进行开机调试,听阈和言语分辨率均达到比较满意的水平。耳蜗位头颅X-平片显示上半规管和前庭易于辨认,可以作为影像学解剖的重要标志。耳蜗X线显像可以直接而且清晰地显示一个完整的人工耳蜗植入术后的电极在耳蜗内的图像,并且每一个电极阵列都可以很清楚地被识别。影像学检查可以作为植入手术结果的客观资料,而且如果电极扭曲或术后移位很容易发现。对于内耳畸形人工耳蜗植入术后,耳蜗位X-线检查则更现必要,是判断手术结果的重要依据。结论感音神经性耳聋患者植入多导人工耳蜗效果良好。头颅X-线耳蜗显像可以应用于对多导人工耳蜗植入术后结果的评价,而且简单、低放射量、快速和经济,值得广泛推广。     

城市规划的和谐与适度

一个美好的城市应该是个“完整”的城市。然而，在城市规划的理论和实践上．个体与整体的辨别实在是个既关键又困扰的难题。一个新的规划方法论是，在和谐的整体与个体关系的前提下，考虑适度的规范分析层面和层次。以工业因为例，作为一个“整体”，规划工作是组织内部空间去追求最高经济效益，规划分析应该“求同”，即是寻找这个整体里头各个个体的共通性；作为一个“个体”，规划工作是衔接外部空间去追求最高经济效益，规划分析应是“存异“，即是找寻这个个体在它所属的整体中自己的特性。“整体”规划强调“典型”，是组织内部空间的规划原则。“个体”规划强调“独特“，是衔接外部空间的规划原则。社会公益和市场效益并肩前进，在西方是可望而不可及的理想。在中国，应该成为社会主义市场经济的内在逻辑。     

试说庄子阴阳宇宙观的起源

“阴阳”在庄子宇宙图式中是与“道”二而一的概念。但庄子的阴阳观念从何而来 ,却是一个十分复杂的课题。从道家和南方原始宗教的关系考察 ,庄子的阴阳观念主要起源于南方的“” ,同时 ,与当时具有严重巫术意味的天文观测“望气”有关。     

The Five View Technique for Stress Echocardiography: A Description and Evaluation of Segmental Imaging and Reported Angiographic Data

Stress echocardiography is an accurate means of evaluating ischemic heart disease with sensitivities and specificities equivalent to alternate modalities. The sensitivities to disease of vessels with posterior wall distribution are, however, significantly lower. Studies establishing these figures have used a 4 view digital imaging technique as standard. This study aimed to determine if the use of a 5 view template (4 views plus an apical 3 chamber (3ch) view) significantly improved stess echo results. One hundred consecutive stress echocardiograms using a 5 view format were analyzed by two independent observers. Nine thousand regional wall segments were graded quantitatively and qualitatively and comparisons were made between the 4 and 5 view techniques. Reported angiographic sensitivities of the two techniques were analyzed and compared to the segmental imaging data. The 5 view template was found to increase overall segmental imaging by 30% and imaging of lateral and posterior walls was increased by 50% while the additional poststress cycle was acquired in under 13 seconds. Five view studies reported increased mean sensitivitities to left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) disease of 29.7%, right coronary artery (RCA) disease of 25.7%, and circumflex coronary artery (Cx) disease of 51.6%. This study found that the 5 view technique significantly increased left ventricular segmental imaging, particularly of the posterior and lateral walls, and is associated with increased angiographically determined sensitivity, particularly for vessels with posterior wall distribution when compared to the 4 view technique.     

对精神病及精神病人态度的社会调查

北京市3028名非精神卫生专业成人调查结果显示:47.5%不了解精神病,主要是缺乏有关知识,但85.7%都认为精神病人应与其他病人一样得到医疗照顾,在671名精神病人家属中,95.7%表示将尽力照顾好病人,但仍有14.5%的家属认为家中有精神病人而丢人,28%不愿在家中收养病人。大多数都希望在综合医院设精神科,在城区设精神病院,以便病人就诊。     

三维对比增强磁共振血管造影中的透视触发技术研究

三维对比增强磁共振血管造影(M RA)检查中,正确估计或测算扫描延时时间是检查成败的关键。目前临床应用中普遍使用的定时技术是试验性团注技术,但其存在着局限性,如缺乏完善性、空间分辨率有限及技术复杂等。本文提出一种技术,通过使用M R透视法实时检测靶血管内对比度的变化,当检测到对比度增强时,开启带有椭圆中心视图命令的三维M RA序列采集数据。结果表明这种技术可获得静脉抑制,消除运动伪影,极大提高空间分辨率,在团注检测中的可靠性高达95%以上。这种技术为众多血管区域提供了高质量的对比增强M R血管造影。