论女性中药保健品购买动机及营销对策

据第五次人口普查统计,我国女性消费者占全国人口的48.7%,对消费活动影响较大的中青年妇女,即年龄在20~55岁的女性约占人口总数的21%。女性消费者群体数量庞大,是大多数购买行为的主体。文章试图通过对我国中药保健品市场女性消费者的购买动机进行分析,并提出适合女性中药健品市场发展的营销策略。     

Population-Based Recruitment for Quit-Smoking Programs: An Analytic Review of Communication Variables

BACKGROUND: Attempts to reduce the prevalence of smoking through quit-smoking programs have been unsuccessful because they have not attracted large numbers of smokers to participate in them. METHOD: An analytic review of the literature was conducted to identify potential communication variables that might enhance recruitment for community-based quit-smoking programs. Recruitment was defined as the number of smokers who enroll in a quit-smoking program divided by the estimated number of smokers in the target population. RESULTS: Thirty-three publications reporting the results of 40 recruitment campaigns were located. The median recruitment rate was 2.0%. Logistic regression was used to examine the effect of six variables on recruitment rate: the type of program sponsor, the type of program, program costs, use of participation incentives, whether messages were segmented by stage of change, and the type of channel used to send messages. The only significant predictor of recruitment rate was channel type (i.e., the method used to deliver a message). Studies that used interactive recruitment channels (telephone, interpersonal communication) were 66.5 times more effective than those using passive recruitment strategies (mass media, direct mail). Results examining the segmentation of messages by stage of change on recruitment were inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that researchers and practitioners interested in population-based smoking cessation programs should pay more attention to recruitment methods. The use of interpersonal channels has been underused and appears to be particularly promising for improving the population impact of quit-smoking programs.     

Skin cancer prevention in Australia

Australia has one of the highest skin cancer incidence and mortality rates in the world. The reason for these high rates is due in part to the high ambient UV radiation levels, combined with a predominantly susceptible fair-skinned population. To address this problem, since 1980 Australians have been exposed to social marketing campaigns to raise awareness of skin cancer prevention. These campaigns have used mass media alongside interventions in schools, workplaces, and in community and leisure settings to motivate sun protective behaviour. As a result of these interventions it can be demonstrated that social marketing campaigns can be a very effective method to not only motivate behaviour change, reduce sunburn, and increase awareness but more importantly, reduce melanoma rates and bring positive economic returns to government. However long term investment in this area is required otherwise any population gains in behaviour are very likely to be quickly eroded.     

服务营销理念在无偿献血中应用的效果评价

目的探讨服务营销理念在无偿献血中的应用方法及效果。方法将服务营销的理念引入无偿献血护理工作中，包括无偿献血的宣传招募、献血全过程护理、献血后回访等方面，创新和优化献血服务。观察应用此理念后2006年1-10月无偿献血者献血反应发生情况、固定献血者人数以及一次性献血400m1人数，并与2005年同期进行比较，观察服务营销理念应用的效果。结果在无偿献血护理中引入服务营销理念后献血反应发生率由开展前的1．798％下降至0．499％；一次性献血400ml人数占献血者比例由14．878％增加至57．055％；固定献血者比例由3．448％增加到10．758％：两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论将服务营销的基本原理和方法运用于无偿献血护理工作中，可减少献血反应的发生率和降低献血反应的严重程度，并提高一次性献血400ml的人数，稳定和扩大固定无偿献血者队伍。     

Clinical Characteristics,Treatment, and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Scoping Review

A growing number of studies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are becoming available, but a synthesis of available data focusing on the critically ill population has not been conducted. We performed a scoping review to synthesize clinical characteristics, treatment, and clinical outcomes among critically ill patients with COVID-19. Between January 1, 2020, and May 15, 2020, we identified high-quality clinical studies describing critically ill patients with a sample size of greater than 20 patients by performing daily searches of the World Health Organization and LitCovid databases on COVID-19. Two reviewers independently reviewed all abstracts (2785 unique articles), full text (218 articles), and abstracted data (92 studies). The 92 studies included 61 from Asia, 16 from Europe, 10 from North and South America, and 5 multinational studies. Notable similarities among critically ill populations across all regions included a higher proportion of older males infected and with severe illness, high frequency of comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease), abnormal chest imaging findings, and death secondary to respiratory failure. Differences in regions included newly identified complications (eg, pulmonary embolism) and epidemiological risk factors (eg, obesity), less chest computed tomography performed, and increased use of invasive mechanical ventilation (70% to 100% vs 15% to 47% of intensive care unit patients) in Europe and the United States compared with Asia. Future research directions should include proof-of-mechanism studies to better understand organ injuries and large-scale collaborative clinical studies to evaluate the efficacy and safety of antivirals, antibiotics, interleukin 6 receptor blockers, and interferon. The current established predictive models require further verification in other regions outside China.     

负压吸附式角膜夹持器设计与吸附参数仿真研究

目的 提出一种通过负压将角膜吸附提升至合适缝合深度的高度后进行缝合的方案,并对吸附参数进行仿 真研究。 方法 根据手术要求,设计负压吸附式角膜夹持器。 建立不同长度、深度及位置的直型伤口角膜的吸附 仿真模型,针对 6 种负压条件,利用流固耦合分析对负压吸附角膜过程进行仿真,求解角膜变形、应力及吸附力。 在 PDMS 薄膜上测量 6 种负压条件所产生的吸附力,并与仿真结果对比分析。 同时在离体猪眼球上进行吸附实 验,评估所设计角膜夹持器的操作安全性。 结果 -70~ -40 kPa 负压下,所有仿真模型角膜最大变形均大于角膜 缝合深度要求的伤口最大提升高度。 最大变形随负压减小而增大。 所有仿真模型角膜最大应力均小于角膜基质 破坏强度(5 MPa)。 吸附力仿真值相对实验值比较吻合。 负压高于-70 kPa 时所设计夹持器进行吸附操作时角膜 未出现破裂。 结论 该角膜夹持器在-70~ -40 kPa 负压下能实现角膜缝合深度要求,且可通过改变负压精确调控 缝合深度,高于-70 kPa 时进行吸附操作不损伤角膜组织。 在该角膜夹持器辅助下,医生可使用直针完成角膜缝合 操作,降低临床操作的难度。     

The impact of pharmaceutical marketing on market access,treatment coverage,pricing, and social welfare

Pharmaceutical spending in the United States, Canada, and the EU is growing. Public payers cover a large portion of these costs and have responded by instituting various pricing and access policies to limit their expenditure. One challenge that public payers face is additional demand induced by a manufacturer's marketing effort. We use a game theoretic approach to study the impact of pharmaceutical marketing on six practical pricing and access policies: negotiated pricing, open pricing, controlled pricing, a listing process, a risk‐sharing arrangement, and a value‐based pricing with risk‐sharing arrangement. We find that all non‐value‐based policies result in either restricted access or suboptimal treatment coverage. We find that marketing is the highest in the first‐best setting where all decisions are made by a social planner. We also find that the value‐based pricing with risk‐sharing arrangement is preferred by the manufacturer and from a societal perspective whereas no policy is universally preferred by a health care payer. A value‐based pricing with risk‐sharing arrangement always results in zero net monetary benefit for a health care payer. Therefore, considering non‐value‐based arrangements, we find that a negotiated pricing policy, a controlled pricing policy, or a risk‐sharing arrangement may be socially preferred.     

Biomechanics of a new atraumatic surgical needle holder

It is the purpose of this report to design, develop, and evaluate a needle holder whose jaws improve needle-holding security without altering the geometry of the curved surgical needle. The configuration of the jaws of this new needle holder is curved, conforming to the curvature of the surgical needle. A biomechanical study of this curved surgical needle holder demonstrates that it holds the curved needle securely without needle deformation.     

The corporate coauthor

Drug marketing techniques include the sponsorship of articles signed by academic physicians or researchers and submitted to peer-reviewed medical journals. Some of these articles are authored or coauthored by ghostwriters who work for pharmaceutical companies or medical education companies hired by pharmaceutical companies. Conflicts of interest may be difficult to detect in the subset of articles and presentations sponsored by pharmaceutical companies that never mention the targeted drug, but focus on stimulating the perceived need for the targeted drug or highlighting problems with competing drugs. The current voluntary standards for declaring conflicts of interest to readers of medical journals and audiences at medical conferences are inadequate. A public database that contains conflicts of interest of physicians and researchers would be useful.