中枢顽固性呃逆的病因及其治疗进展

临床上将呃逆发作持续48h以上者,称为顽固性呃逆。中枢顽固性呃逆如不及时治疗,不仅明显地降低患者的生活质量,严重者还影响正常呼吸功能,使气体交换异常,可引起脑缺氧,使脑水肿加重,使病情进一步恶化,甚至导致患者死亡。中枢顽固性呃逆的治疗方法很多:在治疗中枢原发病的同时,有药物治疗(西药、中药)、针灸、神经阻滞以及手术治疗等,现对中枢顽固性呃逆的病因及其治疗进行综述。     

顽固性鼻出血的动脉栓塞治疗

目的:探讨介入动脉栓塞治疗顽固性鼻出血的疗效和并发症。方法:回顾性分析1993年1月至2007年8月经动脉栓塞治疗的48例顽固性鼻出血患者的有关资料。结果:所有患者均经动脉栓塞成功,栓塞后即刻至3d内出血停止。无严重并发症的发生。结论:经导管栓塞治疗顽固性鼻出血是一种安全有效的方法。     

Antipsychotic medication treatment for mild hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: Positive impact on long‐term worsening

To test if antipsychotic medication treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with mild hallucinations and retained insight delays deterioration to delusions or hallucinations without insight. We identified subjects at the time they developed their first hallucination, based on documented progression in their UPDRS thought disorder (TD) score from <2 to 2 (“benign” hallucinations with insight retained). We registered TD scores at follow‐up visits and their hallucination treatment: antipsychotic medication, PD medication reduction, or observation. The primary outcome measure was the time from the first TD = 2 until the TD score worsened to 3 (hallucinations with loss of insight) or 4 (delusions, psychosis). The effect of antipsychotic medication treatment on transition hazard rate was modeled by proportional hazards regression (Cox model) with antipsychotic medication use as a time‐dependent covariate. Of 64 patients, 31 received antipsychotic medication during the study (mean group follow‐up 31 months). Of the 38 subjects who reached endpoint, eight subjects had been treated with antipsychotic medication compared to 30/33 in those not treated with antipsychotic medication. Antipsychotic medication treatment reduced the risk of deterioration [hazard ratio = 0.156, CI = (0.067–0.363), P < 0.0001] compared to treatment without antipsychotic medications. The median time from the introduction of antipsychotic medication to the conversion from TD = 2 to TD > 2 was 39 months in subjects on antipsychotic medication compared to 12 months in patients treated otherwise. Until randomized treatment trials provide definitive information, early antipsychotic medication treatment for mild hallucinations should be considered with the combined goal of improving current hallucinations and reducing risks of later deterioration. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society     

自控蛛网膜下腔吗啡镇痛治疗难治性晚期癌痛

目的观察患者自控蛛网膜下腔吗啡镇痛治疗难治性癌痛的临床效果及不良反应。方法晚期癌症患者12例,在蛛网膜下腔置管,将导管埋入皮下隧道,外接PCA泵,药盒内每100 ml 生理盐水含吗啡20mg,采用首量+连续+自控模式(LCP),首剂量吗啡0.5mg,维持量吗啡20-30 μg/h, PCA为20 μg/次,锁定时间20 min。结果镇痛时间最短为10日,最长为32d,治疗前12例VAS评分均>5分,治疗后1-14d 10例疼痛完全缓解,均为0分,有2例为1-2分,14d后有9例仍为0分,吗啡平均用量为(1.3±0.5)mg/d。不良反应有恶心、呕吐、尿潴留、皮肤瘙痒,发生率以第1周多见,两周过后各种不良反应明显下降,无感染发生。结论患者自控蛛网膜下腔吗啡镇痛用于晚期癌痛治疗, 药物剂量小、镇痛效果确切,是难治性晚期癌痛WHO三阶梯药物治疗以外的一种良好的辅助及补救方法。     

A puzzling case of seizures and visual hallucinations during clomipramine treatment with a high dose but causing a low serum concentration

We present a puzzling case of a 25-year-old depressive man suffering from seizures and visual hallucinations during clomipramine treatment with a high dose but causing a low serum concentration. We examined alleles of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes. It was revealed that he was not an ultrarapid metabolizer for CYP2D6, and that the genotypes were homozygous for CYP2D6 J and heterozygous for CYP2C19_m1. Throughout the treatment period, his compliance was good. Since he was a smoker, it seems likely that his low clomipramine level was due to smoking-induced CYP1A2 activity. These findings suggest that smoking-induced CYP1A2 activity overcomes the possibly inhibiting effects of homozygosity for CYP2D6J and heterozygosity for CYP2C19_ml, and that high-dose clomipramine is not always a direct cause of seizures.     

Opioid use in cancer pain. Is a more liberal approach enhancing toxicity?

The majority of cancer patients develop pain before death. This pain has been shown to be underdiagnosed and undertreated. Opioid use has increased in the past 20 years in both developing and developed countries. The changing pattern in opioid use has resulted in the emergence of neurotoxicity as a major side effect of the treatment of cancer pain. The syndrome of opioid-induced neurotoxicity (OIN) encompasses delirium, hallucinosis, myoclonus/seizures and hyperalgesia. Increased vigilance can lead to the timely diagnosis of OIN, and strategies for its treatment can be implemented with encouraging results. Identification and modification of risk factors for the development of OIN can help in its prevention and improve the quality of life in advanced cancer patients.     

Hallucinations in parkinson disease: Neuropsychological study

Hallucinations occur fairly frequently in the course of the pharmacological treatment of Parkinson disease. Our aim in this study was to assess first the relation between hallucinations and mental deterioration and second the correlation between the perception disorder and the profile on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Of 304 parkinsonian subjects followed as outpatients at our center 27 (8.88%) had had hallucinations and 17 of these presented marked cognitive deficits (Mini Mental State <18) (62.9%) compared with 32 of the other 277 patients (11.5%) (X²=55.16, p<0.0001). A group of 9 patients who had had hallucinations and 10 controls who had not, all free from marked cognitive deficits, were assessed on the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB) and on the MMPI. The two groups did not differ significantly in respect of the LNNB but did in respect of the MMPI scales. On this evidence the frequency of mental deterioration is significantly higher in patients who have hallucinated. We discuss the meaning of the MMPI differences both from the biochemical angle and from that of personality factors. These data suggest that the MMPI might be useful for predicting hallucinations in undeteriorated parkinsonian patients on pharmacological therapy.

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Sommario I fenomeni allucinatori rappresentano un evento piuttosto frequente nel corso del trattamento farmacologico del Morbo di Parkinson. Scopo di questo studio è stato quello di valutare i rapporti esistenti tra allucinazioni e deterioramento mentale e quindi le correlazioni fra tali fenomeni dispercettivi e le caratteristiche del profilo al test MMPI. In una popolazione di 304 pazienti ambulatoriali affetti da Morbo di Parkinson, seguiti presso il nostro centro, fenomeni allucinatori si erano verificati in 27 soggetti (8,88%). Deficits cognitivi rilevanti (Mini Mental State <18) erano presenti nei 17 dei 27 pazienti con pregresse allucinazioni (62,9%) e nell' 11,5% dei pazienti del resto della popolazione (32 casi su 277) (X²=55.16, p<0.0001). Un gruppo di 9 paz. con pregresse allucinazioni e di 10 paz. di controllo senza allucinazioni, tutti privi di deficits cognitivi rilevanti, sono inoltre stati valutati mediante una batteria di tests neuropsicologici (Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery) (LNNB) ed un test di personalità (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) (MMPI). A fronte di performances cognitive che non differivano significativamente fra i 2 gruppi, si sono registrate differenze significative nel profilo alle scale del MMPI. Da questo studio emerge una prevalenza di deterioramento mentale significativamente più elevata nei pazienti con allucinazioni pregresse. Inoltre viene discusso il significato delle differenze al MMPI sia dal punto di vista biochimico che da quello dei fattori di personalità. Questi dati suggeriscono infine il possibile uso del MMPI nei paz. parkinsoniani non deteriorati, come mezzo predittivo di insorgenza di allucinazioni in corso di terapia farmacologica.

     

Diagnosis and Management of Intractable Hemoptysis by Bronchoscopic Intervention

Objective： To investigate the efficacy of bronchoscopic intervention therapy in the diagnosis and management of intractable hemoptysis. Methods： 106 patients with intractable hemoptysis and in whom clinical medicine, bronchial artery embolization failed to stop the bleeding were analyzed. Results： Therapy was very effective in 58 cases （54.7%）; somewhat effective in 41 cases （38.7%）; and ineffective in 7 cases （6.6%）. Conclusion： Bronchoscopic intervention therapy is safe, convenient and an efficacious method for hemoptysis.     

肝硬化难治性腹水结肠透析时间和插管深度的临床研究

[目的]研究结肠透析时间和插管深度对肝硬化难治性腹水治疗效果的影响。[方法]将100例肝硬化难治性腹水病人随机分成两组,每组50例。观察组结肠透析时间80min,插管深度55cm~60cm;对照组结肠透析时间40min,插管深度25cm~30cm。[结果]观察组结肠透析后中药灌肠保留时间、腹水消退、清除肌酐与尿素氮以及病人症状改善明显优于对照组(P<0.01)。[结论]选择结肠透析时间80min、插管深度55cm~60cm对难治性腹水治疗效果好。