Role of Lu/BCAM in abnormal adhesion of sickle red blood cells to vascular endothelium

Lutheran (Lu) blood group and Basal Cell Adhesion Molecule (BCAM) antigens are both carried by two glycoprotein (gp) isoforms of the immunoglobulin superfamily representing receptors for laminin alpha5 chain. They are expressed in red blood cells, in endothelial cells of vascular capillaries and in epithelial cells of several tissues. Lu/BCAM gps are overexpressed in sickle red blood cells (SS RBCs). Stimulation of SS RBCs by epinephrine activates the PKA depending signaling pathway and induces reinforced Lu/BCAM-mediated adhesion to laminin10/11. We have analyzed the phosphorylation state of Lu/BCAM long isoform cytoplasmic tail and showed that it is phosphorylated by CKII, GSK3b and PKA. Phosphorylation of this isoform in transfected K562 cells is stimulated by effectors of the PKA pathway and induces cell adhesion to laminin10/11. Lu/BCAM gps are highly expressed in endothelial cells and exhibit potential integrin binding motifs. We showed that they interact with integrin alpha4beta1, the unique integrin expressed on the surface of young reticulocytes. Adhesion assays under flow conditions showed that SS RBCs adhere to primary human endothelial cells (HUVEC) after selective activation of intergin alpha4beta1 and that this adhesion is mediated by endothelial Lu/BCAM gps. Our studies show that Lu/BCAM gps expressed either on erythroid or on endothelial cells are involved in SS RBC-endothelium interactions and could play a role in the abnormal adhesion of SS RBCs to vascular endothelium contributing to the vaso-occlusive crises reported for sickle cell disease patients.     

The novel Syk inhibitor R406 reveals mechanistic differences in the initiation of GPVI and CLEC-2 signaling in platelets

Summary.  Background: Syk is a key mediator of signaling pathways downstream of several platelet surface receptors including GPVI/FcRγ collagen receptor, the C-type lectin receptor CLEC-2, and integrin αIIbβ3. A recent study identified the novel small molecule R406 as a selective inhibitor of Syk. Objectives: The present study evaluates the role of Syk in human platelets using the novel inhibitor R406. Methods: Agonist-induced GPVI and CLEC-2 signaling were assessed using aggregometry, immunoprecipitation and western blotting to determine the effects of R406 on platelet activation. Results: We demonstrate R406 to be a powerful inhibitor of Syk in human platelets. R406 abrogated shape change and aggregation induced by activation of GPVI and CLEC-2, and reduced platelet spreading on fibrinogen. The inhibitory effect of R406 was associated with inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of signaling proteins that lay downstream of Syk for all three receptors, including PLCγ2. Strikingly, R406 markedly inhibited tyrosine phosphorylation of CLEC-2 and Syk downstream of CLEC-2 activation, whereas phosphorylation of Syk downstream of GPVI and integrin αIIbβ3 was unaffected. Conclusions: The inhibitory effect of R406 provides direct evidence of a role for Syk in GPVI, CLEC-2 and integrin αIIbβ3 signaling in human platelets. Further, the results demonstrate a critical role for Syk in mediating tyrosine phosphorylation of CLEC-2, suggesting a novel model in which both Src and Syk kinases regulate tyrosine phosphorylation of the C-type lectin receptor leading to platelet activation.     

Compartmentalization of ITAM and integrin signaling by adapter molecules

Summary:  Adapters are multidomain molecules that recruit effector proteins during signal transduction by immunoreceptors and integrins. The absence of these scaffolding molecules profoundly affects development and function of various hematopoietic lineages, underscoring their importance as regulators of signaling cascades. An emerging aspect of the mechanism by which engaged immunoreceptors and integrins transmit signals within the cell is by differential usage of various adapters that function to nucleate formation of distinct signaling complexes in a specific location within the cell. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which adapter proteins coordinate signal transduction with an emphasis on the role of subcellular compartmentalization in adapter function.     

鬼臼乙叉甙对SHG-44胶质瘤细胞表达β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶V后粘附相关分子表达的影响

目的 研究人脑星形胶质细胞瘤SHG-44细胞表达(β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶V(beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase V,β-1,4-GalT V)后对化疗药物敏感性的影响,分析鬼臼乙叉甙(VP16)处理表达β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶V的SHG-44细胞后其细胞粘附作用相关因子水平的变化。方法 用120μmol／L的VP16处理转染了正义、反义β-1,4-GalT V和空载体的SHG-44细胞24h后,采用western blot检测整合蛋白β1表达变化及局部粘着斑激酶(focal adhesion kinase,FAK)的蛋白水平和FAK的酪氨酸磷酸化水平。结果 在未经VP16处理的3株SHG-44细胞中,FAK的蛋白水平没有明显改变,而整合蛋白β1的蛋白表达在转正义β-1,4-GalT V的细胞中最高;经VP16处理后,SHG-44细胞中整合蛋白β1的表达水平增高,FAK及其磷酸化水平下降。但整合蛋白β1,FAK及其磷酸化水平随细胞中β-1,4-GalT V表达水平不同而变化。结论 VP16处理对表达不同水平的β-1．4-GalT V的SHG-44胶质瘤细胞的粘附影响有所不同,提示胶质瘤表达β-1,4-GalT V不仅与肿瘤的恶性行为有关,而且与肿瘤的化疗敏感性有关。     

慢性髓系白血病骨髓间充质干细胞整联蛋白表达变化研究

为研究慢性期慢性髓系白血病（CML）患者骨髓间充质干细胞（BMMSC）的生长活性及其整联蛋白（integrins）的表达水平，并探讨BMMSC在CML发病中的作用，以慢性期CML患者为实验组，健康人为对照组，抽取骨髓液分离单个核细胞行BMMSC体外培养，动态观察细胞形态并进行计数、绘制生长曲线；取第3、4代BMMSC提取总RNA，逆转录，real—timePCR法检测integrin mRNA表达水平。结果表明：慢性期CML患者BMMSC生长活性较健康人无明显差异；实验组BMMSC表达integrin mRNA水平较对照组显著升高（P〈0．05）。结论：BMMSCs中integrin高表达影响CML发病。     

鬼臼乙叉甙对SHG-44胶质瘤细胞表达β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶Ⅴ后粘附相关分子表达的影响

目的　研究人脑星形胶质细胞瘤SHG 4 4细胞表达 (β 1,4 半乳糖基转移酶Ⅴ (beta 1,4 galactosyltransferaseⅤ ,β 1,4 GalTⅤ )后对化疗药物敏感性的影响 ,分析鬼臼乙叉甙 (VP16 )处理表达 β 1,4 半乳糖基转移酶Ⅴ的SHG 4 4细胞后其细胞粘附作用相关因子水平的变化。方法　用 12 0 μmol/L的VP16处理转染了正义、反义 β 1,4 GalTⅤ和空载体的SHG 4 4细胞 2 4h后 ,采用westernblot检测整合蛋白 β1表达变化及局部粘着斑激酶 (focaladhesionkinase,FAK)的蛋白水平和FAK的酪氨酸磷酸化水平。结果　在未经VP16处理的 3株SHG 4 4细胞中 ,FAK的蛋白水平没有明显改变 ,而整合蛋白 β1的蛋白表达在转正义 β 1,4 GalTⅤ的细胞中最高 ;经VP16处理后 ,SHG 4 4细胞中整合蛋白β1的表达水平增高 ,FAK及其磷酸化水平下降。但整合蛋白β1,FAK及其磷酸化水平随细胞中 β 1,4 GalTⅤ表达水平不同而变化。 结论　VP16处理对表达不同水平的β 1,4 GalT Ⅴ的SHG 4 4胶质瘤细胞的粘附影响有所不同 ,提示胶质瘤表达 β 1,4 GalTⅤ不仅与肿瘤的恶性行为有关 ,而且与肿瘤的化疗敏感性有关。     

Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Rolling in Bone Marrow Microvessels: Parallel Contributions by Endothelial Selectins and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1

We have used intravital microscopy to study physiologically perfused microvessels in murine bone marrow (BM). BM sinusoids and venules, but not adjacent bone vessels, supported rolling interactions of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Rolling did not involve L-selectin, but was partially reduced in wild-type mice treated with antibodies to P- or E-selectin and in mice that were deficient in these two selectins. Selectin-independent rolling was mediated by α4 integrins, which interacted with endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1. Parallel contribution of the endothelial selectins and VCAM-1 is not known to direct blood cell trafficking to other noninflamed tissues. This combination of constitutively expressed adhesion molecules may thus constitute a BM-specific recruitment pathway for progenitor cells analogous to the vascular addressins that direct selective lymphocyte homing to lymphoid organs.     

VLA-4整联蛋白和造血细胞迁移之间的相关关系研究

为了阐明VLA-4(CD49d)和造血细胞迁移方向之间的相关关系，将重组人G—CSF稀释后注射于小鼠皮下，以流式细胞仪检到不同时间后Sca-1^ 细胞表面CD49d的表达，并分析Sca-1^ 细胞计数与CD49d表达之间的相关关系。结果表明，注射G—CSF后骨髓和外周血的CD49d的表达都明显下降，同时在第7—9天外周血Sca-1^ 细胞数达到高峰，骨髓有核细胞数下降。而随着CD49d的表达回升，外周血Sca-1^ 细胞数下降，骨髓细胞数却又有增多趋势。结论：VLA-4介导造血细胞与骨髓微环境的粘附，调节CD49d的表达可能合导致造血细胞在骨髓和外周血之间相互迁移。     

低强度脉冲超声波对兔膝骨性关节炎软骨整合素-FAK-MAPKs信号通路蛋白表达的影响

目的:观察低强度脉冲超声波(low-intensity pulsed ultrasound,LIPUS)对兔膝骨性关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA)软骨中整合素-FAK-MAPKs力化学细胞信号转导通路相关蛋白表达的影响。方法:18只成年新西兰大白兔随机平均分成3组,分为正常对照组(normal control,NC),OA模型组(OA group,OA),OA模型照射组(O+L)。OA组接受右侧后肢前交叉韧带切断(ACLT)处理术后4周接受LIPUS假辐射,O+L组同样手术处理,术后4周接受LIPUS辐射,NC组仅切开关节囊。LIPUS作用6周后,处死实验动物,取右后肢,采用HE染色行改良Mankin评分比较各组胫骨平台关节表面病理学改变。同时,采用Western blot技术检测Ⅱ型胶原,MMP-13,整合素β1的蛋白表达水平以及FAK、MAPKs家族蛋白(p38、ERK1/2、JNK)磷酸化水平。结果:1组织学观察及Mankin评分:LIPUS干预后,OA软骨表层轻微不平整,染色轻度缺失,可见软骨细胞增殖;Mankin评分,NC组:4.67±0.57;OA组:10.57±2.55;O+L组:7.66±1.74。与NC组相比,OA组、O+L组Mankin评分明显增高,但OA组增高更为明显(P0.05);与OA组相比,O+L组Mankin评分明显降低(P0.05)。2Ⅱ型胶原、MMP-13含量:LIPUS干预后,II型胶原含量较NC组升高,MMP-13含量有明显下降。3整合素β1-FAK-MAPKs信号通路相关蛋白表达:LIPUS干预使整合素β1、磷酸化FAK表达增高;同时MAPKs信号通路相关蛋白ERK1/2、p38磷酸化水平明显下降,而JNK磷酸化水平无明显变化。结论:LIPUS可以减轻骨性关节炎软骨ECM损伤程度,与LIPUS产生机械应力使关节软骨中细胞表面应力受体之一整合素β1及其下游分子黏着斑激酶FAK磷酸化表达增高,进一步下游的磷酸化p38,ERK1/2表达下调有关。LIPUS的机械效应可经力化学转导途径作用于OA关节软骨,为治疗骨性关节炎提供一种新的思路。