Corn gluten hydrolysate and capsaicin have complimentary actions on body weight reduction and lipid-related genes in diet-induced obese rats

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that a combination of corn gluten hydrolysate (CGH) and capsaicin may have an additive or synergistic effect on body weight reduction. For 13 weeks, male Sprague-Dawley rats were provided a diet to induce obesity. Afterward, the rats were randomly divided into 5 dietary groups: the normal control (n = 5), the high-fat control (n = 8), the high-fat diet (HFD) containing 35% CGH (n = 7), the HFD containing 0.02% capsaicin (HF-P) (n = 8), and the HFD containing both CGH and capsaicin (HF-CP) (n = 7) for an additional 4 weeks. Administration of CGH plus capsaicin, along with a HFD, led to significant decreases in body weight, fat mass, lipids in the liver, and plasma leptin as well as increases in plasma adiponectin. The pattern of gene expression was different in each target organ. In the liver, up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α, and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase was found in the HF-CP group. In contrast, down-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ was found in both the HFD containing 35% CGH and HF-CP groups. In skeletal muscle, up-regulation of insulin receptor and uncoupling protein 3 was found in the HF-P group only, whereas up-regulation of the glucose transporter 4 gene was observed in both the HF-CP and HF-P groups. In adipose tissue, up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and hormone-sensitive lipase was only found in the HF-CP group. In summary, this study suggests that CGH and capsaicin perform complementary actions on food intake, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity by a coordinated control of energy metabolism in the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle, thus exerting an additive effect on body weight reduction.     

Coffee polyphenols improve peripheral endothelial function after glucose loading in healthy male adults

Brewed coffee is a widely consumed beverage, and many studies have examined its effects on human health. We investigated the vascular effects of coffee polyphenols (CPPs), hypothesizing that a single ingestion of CPP during glucose loading would improve endothelial function. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a randomized acute clinical intervention study with crossover design and measured reactive hyperemia index (RHI) to assess the acute effects of a 75-g glucose load with CPP in healthy, nondiabetic adult men. Blood glucose and insulin levels were elevated after glucose loading with and without CPP, with no significant differences between treatments. The RHI did not significantly decrease after glucose loading without CPP. With CPP, however, RHI significantly (P < .05) increased over baseline after glucose loading. The difference between treatments was statistically significant (P < .05). No significant changes were observed in an oxidative stress marker after glucose loading with or without CPP. These findings suggest that a single ingestion of CPP improves peripheral endothelial function after glucose loading in healthy subjects.     

Soy β-conglycinin improves glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and ameliorates hepatic insulin resistance in Goto-Kakizaki rats

Although the underlying mechanism is unclear, β-conglycinin (βCG), the major component of soy proteins, regulates blood glucose levels. Here, we hypothesized that consumption of βCG would normalize blood glucose levels by ameliorating insulin resistance and stimulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscles. To test our hypothesis, we investigated the antidiabetic action of βCG in spontaneously diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. Our results revealed that plasma adiponectin levels and adiponectin receptor 1 messenger RNA expression in skeletal muscle were higher in βCG-fed rats than in casein-fed rats. Phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMP kinase) but not phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase was activated in βCG-fed GK rats. Subsequently, βCG increased translocation of glucose transporter 4 to the plasma membrane. Unlike the results in skeletal muscle, the increase in adiponectin receptor 1 did not lead to AMP kinase activation in the liver of βCG-fed rats. The down-regulation of sterol regulatory element-binding factor 1, which is induced by low insulin levels, promoted the increase in hepatic insulin receptor substrate 2 expression. Based on these findings, we concluded that consumption of soy βCG improves glucose uptake in skeletal muscle via AMP kinase activation and ameliorates hepatic insulin resistance and that these actions may help normalize blood glucose levels in GK rats.     

Antidiabetic effect of Lactobacillus casei CCFM0412 on mice with type 2 diabetes induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic effects of Lactobacillus casei CCFM0412 on mice with type 2 diabetes induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin.MethodsThirty-two male C57 BL/6 J mice were assigned to four groups in this study. Type 2 diabetes was induced by feeding of a high-fat diet and injection of streptozotocin. L. casei CCFM0412 was administered to mice at a dose of 10⁹ cfu/d per mouse for 12 wk. Body weight, fasting and postprandial 2-h blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin, and glycogen in liver were measured. Endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-10 levels were determined. Lipid metabolic parameters including triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were also measured. The activities of glutathione peroxides, reactive oxygen species, and superoxide dismutase, and the levels of glutathione and malondialdehyde in the liver also were determined. Pancreas injury was evaluated by histologic analysis.ResultsAt 13 wk, L. casei CCFM0412 significantly decreased fasting and postprandial 2-h blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor-α, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, reactive oxygen species, and malondialdehyde levels compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The values for insulin, interleukin-10, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glutathione peroxides, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and glycogen were significantly increased at 13 wk (P < 0.05). Islets of Langerhans in the L. casei CCFM0412 group were substantially protected from destruction compared with those in the control group.ConclusionL. casei CCFM0412 significantly improved glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, immune-regulatory properties, and oxidative stress in mice with type 2 diabetes induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. The results provide a sound rationale for future clinical trials of oral administration of L. casei CCFM0412 for the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes.     

新生儿高胆红素血症对血糖检测结果的影响

目的探讨新生儿高胆红素血症对其血糖检测结果的具体影响,为提高此类患儿血糖检测准确性提供可靠依据。方法两组患儿均于清晨6点抽取静脉血液样本,研究组血液样本平均分为两份（A、B）,将血液样本实施每分钟3000r离心10min后,分离血清并测定其葡萄糖含量,指定同一名具有专业知识及丰富经验的临床检验人员完成血糖检测。记录对照组、研究组A、研究组B血液样本中葡萄糖含量测定结果,进行统计学分析后得出结论。结果A、B研究组患儿血液样本去胆红素前,应用GOD-POD法血糖检测,与对照组比较,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,而应用HK法测量差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;A、B研究组患儿血液样本去胆红素前后,应用HK法血糖检测与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论临床医师应在实际工作中选用特异性较高的HK法对高胆红素血症新生儿进行血糖检测,可以获得准确检测结果,能够及时确诊患儿是否发生低血糖等并发症,并给予正确临床治疗措施,保障患儿疗效及生活质量,值得临床推广应用。     

老年糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白、血糖及血脂的相关性分析

目的探讨老年糖尿病患者血清糖化血红蛋白、血糖以及血脂水平之间的关系。方法选择2009年9月～2013年3月期间,于我院接受治疗的112例老年糖尿病患者及102例老年健康体检者作为研究对象,检测患者血清糖化血红蛋白与血糖及血脂,比较糖化血红蛋白与患者空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、血脂之间的关系。结果糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白、血糖及血脂与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白与空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖及血脂之间存在正相关（P〈0．05）。结论老年糖尿病患者血清糖化血红蛋白、血糖及血脂较正常体检者明显升高,且其糖化血红蛋白的升高与患者的血糖及血脂水平呈一定相关性,检测患者血清糖化血红蛋白对于评价患者血糖、血脂控制效果有意义。     

消渴丸辅助治疗口服西药控制不佳的2型糖尿病40例临床观察

目的：探讨消渴丸辅助治疗口服西药控制不佳的2型糖尿病的临床疗效。方法将2011年1月～2012年5月于本院进行治疗的80例口服西药控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者随机分为对照组和观察组每组各40例,对照组采用格列奇特进行治疗,80mg/次,2次/d,口服,观察组在对照组的基础上加用消渴丸进行治疗,5～10粒/次,3次/d,口服。两组均治疗12周。观察及比较两组患者治疗后8周及12周的总有效率和治疗前、治疗后8周、12周的空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）及餐后2h胰岛素（2hINS）水平。结果观察组治疗后8周及12周的总有效率高于对照组（P＜0.05）,治疗后8周、12周的FBG、2hPG、HbA1c、FINS及2hINS水平均低于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论消渴丸辅助治疗口服西药控制不佳的2型糖尿病的临床疗效较佳,可更为有效地控制患者的血糖。     

BCG-induced trained immunity in macrophage: reprograming of glucose metabolism

Abstract

Memory is no longer a privilege of adaptive immunity. Innate immune cells can exhibit a long-term immune activation after infection or vaccination, which is called “trained immunity.” In addition to defense against mycobacterial infection, BCG-induced trained immunity can also exert nonspecific protection, which is regulated by metabolic rewiring and epigenetic reprograming. Enhanced glycolysis and glutamine-driven tricarboxylic acid cycle have been proven to be important metabolic pathways for trained immunity induced by BCG, which is dependent on Akt/mTOR pathway.     

Differences in muscle mechanics underlie divergent optimality criteria between feeding and locomotor systems

Tetrapod musculoskeletal diversity is usually studied separately in feeding and locomotor systems. However, direct comparisons between these systems promise important insight into how natural selection deploys the same basic musculoskeletal toolkit—connective tissues, bones, nerves, and skeletal muscle—to meet the differing performance criteria of feeding and locomotion. Recent studies using this approach have proposed that the feeding system is optimized for precise application of high forces and the locomotor system is optimized for wide and rapid joint excursions for minimal energetic expenditure. If this hypothesis is correct, then it stands to reason that other anatomical and biomechanical variables within the feeding and locomotor systems should reflect these diverging functions. To test this hypothesis, we compared muscle moment arm lengths, mechanical advantages, and force vector orientations of two jaw elevator muscles (m. temporalis and m. superficial masseter), an elbow flexor (m. brachialis) and extensor (m. triceps- lateral head), and a knee flexor (m. biceps femoris-short head) and extensor (m. vastus lateralis) across 18 species of primates. Our results show that muscles of the feeding system are more orthogonally oriented relative to the resistance arm (mandible) and operate at relatively large moment arms and mechanical advantages. Moreover, these variables show relatively little change across the range of jaw excursion. In contrast, the representative muscles of the locomotor system have much smaller mechanical advantages and, depending on joint position, smaller muscle moment arm lengths and almost parallel orientations relative to the resistance arm. These patterns are consistent regardless of phylogeny, body mass, locomotor mode, and feeding specialization. We argue that these findings reflect fundamental functional dichotomies between tetrapod locomotor and feeding systems. By organizing muscles in a manner such that moment arms and mechanical advantage are relatively small, the locomotor system can produce broad joint excursions and high angular velocities with only small muscular contraction. As such, the anatomical organization of muscles within the limbs allows striding animals to move relatively rapidly and with minimal energetic expenditure. In contrast, the anatomical configuration of muscles in the feeding system, at least m. superficial masseter and m. temporalis, favors their force-producing capacity at the expense of excursion and velocity.