Relationships of dietary zinc/copper ratios to plasma cholesterol and liver trace mineral deposition in young rats fed saturated and unsaturated fats

The effects of copper and zinc supplements on weight gains, plasma total and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels and liver trace mineral levels were studied in young rats fed either coconut oil or corn oil. Dietary factors included 1.5 ppm and 6 ppm copper, 7.5 ppm and 30 ppm zinc, and the two fat sources. Weight gains and levels of total and HDL-cholesterol were higher in rats fed corn oil than in rats fed coconut oil. Increases in dietary zinc were associated with increases in total and HDL-cholesterol levels in rats fed corn oil, while increases in copper supplements were associated with decreases in total and HDL-cholesterol levels in rats fed either fat source. Supplements of 30 ppm zinc resulted in decreases in total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratios in rats fed coconut oil but had no apparent effect on these ratios in rats fed corn oil. Thus, zinc may be a more important factor than copper in the reduction of this ratio, particularly if saturated fatty acids predominate in the diet. Increases in dietary copper were associated with increases in liver copper levels of rats fed either fat source. Increases in either dietary copper or zinc resulted in decreases in liver iron deposition in rats fed both fat sources. Results of this study indicate that a dietary zinc/copper ratio of 5 may be required for optimum growth of young rats.     

Nutrition and atherosclerosis: some neglected aspects

This article suggests that atherosclerosis is a plurideficiency disease. Increasing only linoleic acid intake in daily nutrition to counteract atherosclerosis has failed to give satisfactory results. The use of lecithin affects the metabolism and transportation of cholesterol in the blood more efficiently than do the polyunsaturated fats. Furthermore, insufficient quantities of vitamins B6 and C in the blood contribute to lesions of the arterial endothelium, which are indistinguishable from the first stages of atherosclerosis. It is recommended, therefore, that these factors should be combined, and that, together with a sufficient quantity of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the daily diet be supplemented with adequate doses of lecithin, vitamin B6 (in B complex), and vitamin C.     

甜菊苷甙对高脂饮食大鼠胰岛β细胞功能和脂肪代谢的影响

目的 探讨甜菊苷甙(RA)对高脂饮食大鼠B细胞功能和脂肪代谢的影响.方法 将10周龄雄性SD大鼠30只按随机数字表法分为健康对照组、高脂饲养组和高脂饲养干预组(腹腔注射RA 30 mg·kg-1·d-1),每组10只.所有受试大鼠8周后腹腔注射葡萄糖耐最试验.测定肝脏、肌肉中甘油三酯的含最,使用逆转录-实时聚合酶链反应吸附试验分析肝脏和肌肉巾脂代谢调控基因mRNA的表达.结果 (1)腹腔注射匍萄糖耐量试验30 min时胰岛素水平在健康对照组、高脂饲养组和高脂饲养干预组分别为(16.0±6.1)、(5.4±0.8)和(23.9±7.1)μg/L,三组间比较有统计学意义(F=3.77,P均<0.05);30 min时高脂饲养干预组血糖明显高于健康对照组、高脂饲养组(F=3.83,P均<0.05).(2)高脂饲养组和高脂饲养干预组较健康对照组肌肉(F=4.39,P<0.05)和肝脏甘油三酯(F=5.97,P<0.01)含量显著增加,其中高脂饲养干预组肌肉含量最高.(3)高脂饲养组和高脂饲养干预组肌肉中乙酰辅酶A羧化酶-2(ACC-2)的表达分别是健康对照组的1.74倍和19.97倍(F=13.48,P<0.01);肌肉肉毒碱脂酰转移酶-1(M-CPT-1)表达仅在高脂饲养组显著增加.结论 甜菊苷甙能保护脂毒性对葡萄糖耐量试验早时相的胰岛素分泌损害,但能升高血糖水平.推测可能与甜菊苷甙改变肌肉脂肪酸代谢,使肌肉的脂肪沉积增加有关.     

Oral sensory phenotype identifies level of sugar and fat required for maximal liking

A half-century ago, Fischer and colleagues found correlations between food preference and genetic markers of taste [6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), quinine]. Recently, a number of studies report differences in sweet liking/disliking with taste phenotype or genotype. Here we modeled optimal liking for milk/sugar mixtures using the response surface method among 79 mostly normal weight adults (36 women) who reported low dietary restraint. Two non-overlapping phenotype analyses were performed: a) discordance in PROP versus quinine bitterness and b) number of fungiform papillae (FP, taste papillae on the tongue tip). Although all phenotype groups liked highly sweet and creamy sensations (in liking by sensation models), the fat and sugar levels for hedonic optima varied (in liking by concentration models). Males generally liked higher fat (20 to 40%) and sugar levels, with females disliking unsweetened cream. In quinine/PROP groups, liking peaked at 30% fat/15% sucrose for men and women who tasted 0.32 mM quinine more bitter than 3.2 mM PROP (n=15); a group previously shown to have highest sugar intakes (Duffy et al., 2003). Those tasting PROP more bitter than quinine (n=14) reported greater creamy/sweet sensations, with peak liking at lower fat and sweet levels (3.3% fat/10% sucrose). Generally, those in the high FP group perceived more creamy/sweet sensations with level of liking more influenced by sugar level, especially among high FP females. At high sugar/high fat levels low FP males and females retained this liking while liking fell off for those in the high FP group. In summary, although most liked sweet/creamy sensations, perceptual differences in these sensations varied with oral phenotype, explaining some of the differences in the amount of sugar and fat required to reach hedonic optima. A high affinity for high sugar/high fat mixtures among oral phenotype subgroups has relevance for energy consumption and could explain the link previously observed between oral sensation and body weight.     

冠心病患者血清血脂、Lpa、CRP和胆红素检测的临床价值

目的探讨冠心病（CHD）患者血清血脂、脂蛋白a（Lpa）、C反应蛋白（CRP）和胆红素水平变化及其临床意义。方法选取冠心病患者105例为观察组,将观察组分为稳定型心绞痛（sA）、不稳定型心绞痛（uA）和急性心肌梗死（AMI）三组,另选健康成人49例为正常对照组,采用免疫透射比浊法检测血清Lpa和CRP,采用氧化法检测血清总胆红素、直接胆红素,采用酶比色法检测甘油三酯（TG）与胆固醇（TC）,采用选择性抑制和清除法检测血清高密度脂蛋白（HDL—C）和低密度脂蛋白（LDL—C）,并对其结果进行比较。结果（1）TG仅AMI组和UA组显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）,AMI组明显高于sA组（P〈0．05）;TC、LDL—c各组均明显或显著高于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,并随病情严重而增高。（2）AMI组和uA组血清Lpa和CRP均显著高于对照组和sA组（P〈0．01）,且AMI组显著高于UA组（P〈0．01）。（3）各组血清总胆红素、直接胆红素和HDL—C均明显或显著低于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,HDL—C随病情严重而减低,总胆红素、直接胆红素各组问比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论血清血脂、Lpa、CRP和胆红素水平变化与冠心病密切相关,联合检测对冠心病的预测评估及诊疗有较高的临床价值。     

A cross-sectional study of dietary habits and lipid profiles. The Rivas-Vaciamadrid study

The relations between dietary habits and serum lipids have been firmly established in adults. In children, this relation has been less extensively studied. We have assessed the relations between dietary components, including the different types of fatty acids (saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated) and serum lipids and apolipoproteins in a group of 673 6-year-old children of the town of Rivas-Vaciamadrid, Spain. Children in the highest tertile of total fat consumption, when compared with children in the lowest tertile, had higher mean levels of total cholesterol (188.3 mg/dl vs. 146.8 mg/dl), triglycerides (56.7 mg/dl vs. 51.3 mg/dl), LDL cholesterol (120.7 mg/dl vs. 92.6 mg/dl), HDL cholesterol (56.2 mg/dl vs. 54.5 mg/dl) and apolipoprotein B (86.8 mg/dl vs. 62.9 mg/dl). When compared with children in the lowest tertile, children in the highest tertile of saturated fat consumption had significantly higher mean levels of total cholesterol (206.3 mg/dl vs. 151.8 mg/dl), LDL cholesterol (140.6 mg/dl vs. 95.1 mg/dl) and apolipoprotein B (99.2 mg/dl vs. 64.3 mg/dl) and lower mean levels of HDL cholesterol (53.5 mg/dl vs. 57.5 mg/dl), whereas children in the highest tertile of monounsaturated fat consumption had significantly higher mean levels of HDL cholesterol (56.5 mg/dl vs. 51.8 mg/dl) and lower levels of total cholesterol (133.2 mg/dl vs. 201.6 mg/dl), LDL cholesterol (93.1 mg/dl vs. 137.5 mg/dl) and apolipoprotein B (68.6 mg/dl vs. 94.9 mg/dl) than children in the lowest tertile. No statistically significant relation between polyunsaturated fat and lipid levels was found. We have found a strong association between diet composition and lipid and apolipoprotein levels in 6-year-old children. Our findings strengthen the role of monounsaturated fatty acid consumption as a part of a healthy diet in childhood.     

脂肪栓塞综合征

脂肪栓塞综合征是骨折及创伤患者严重的并发症及死亡原因。脂肪栓子通过毛细血管床,可引起肺、脑、视网膜、皮肤等重要脏器的栓塞及系统性炎症反应。骨折后早期识别、早期诊断是减少死亡的重要手段。     

宫内轻度高糖暴露及出生后高脂饮食对子鼠体质量和脂代谢的远期影响

目的 通过建立孕鼠宫内轻度高糖环境模型,探讨宫内轻度高糖暴露及出生后高脂饮食对子鼠体质量和脂代谢的远期影响.方法 21只Wistar孕鼠随机分为高糖组(14只)和对照组(7只),高糖组孕鼠一次性腹腔注射20％的链脲佐菌素25 mg/kg,诱导宫内轻度高糖环境模型;对照组孕鼠以同样方法仅行腹腔注射等体积的柠檬酸-柠檬酸钠缓冲液.将其子鼠分为高糖环境正常饮食(DN)组,高糖环境高脂饮食(DF)组,对照正常饮食(CN)组,对照高脂饮食(CF)组.记录两组孕鼠的血糖水平和4组子鼠出生后体质量变化,测定28周龄时各组子鼠肠系膜、附睾和肾周等内脏脂肪含量以及甘油三酯(TG)和高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)水平.结果 (1)高糖组孕鼠孕期平均血糖水平为(16.6±3.4) mmol/L,显著高于对照组的(5.8 ±1.1) mmol/L,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(2) CN组子鼠在出生时、3周龄、4周龄时的体质量分别为(6.6±0.5)、(35.6±4.4)、(71.5±6.8)g,DN组子鼠分别为(7.4±0.6)、(44.1±5.9)、(79.6±7.4)g,DF组子鼠分别为(7.4±0.2)、(43.9 ±6.9)、(76.1 ±5.8)g,DN组及DF组均明显高于CN组,分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);CF组子鼠分别为(6.7±0.5)、(33.0±6.5)、(66.1±10.2)g,与CN组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(3)超过4周龄以后,直至28周龄时,各组子鼠体质量增长均呈增高趋势,但各组分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(4)DN组、CF组和DF组的子鼠肾周脂肪含量分别为(13.8±3.3)、(14.3±3.2)、(18.4±1.3)g,均明显高于CN组的(9.7±3.5)g,分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);CF组和DF组的子鼠附睾脂肪含量均明显高于CN组,分别比较,差异也均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).各组子鼠肠系膜脂肪含量分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(5)DN组、CF组和DF组的子鼠TG水平分别为(0.52 ±0.14)、(0.52±0.09)、(0.54±0.17) mmol/L,明显高于CN组的(0.41 ±0.09) mmol/L,分别比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),但前3组之间分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);各组子鼠HDL-C分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 宫内轻度高糖环境下,子鼠出生时和生后早期存在体质量增长过快的趋势,远期出现内脏脂肪含量增多和脂代谢紊乱的情况,出生后高脂饮食使这些代谢紊乱进一步加重.