中医情志护理对急性缺血性脑卒中患者愤怒的应用效果

目的 探讨中医情志护理在急性缺血性脑卒中后愤怒患者中的应用效果.方法 将125例急性脑卒中后愤怒患者随机分为观察组63例和对照组62例,对照组实施常规护理,观察组在此基础上增加中医情志护理,在干预后分别采用状态-特质愤怒表达问卷和生活质量问卷进行评定和比较.结果 干预后观察组状态-特质愤怒问卷各因子得分显著低于对照组,量表得分在躯体功能、角色功能、情绪功能、社会功能、认识功能、总体生活质量功能状态较对照组明显提高,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t =6.51、4.62、3.21、4.87、2.98、5.13,P＜0.05).结论 中医情志护理有利于改善急性缺血性脑卒中患者愤怒情绪,减轻负性情绪对身体的不良影响,促进患者身心康复,提高患者的生活质量.     

Resting-State Functional Connectivity of Antero-Medial Prefrontal Cortex Sub-Regions in Major Depression and Relationship to Emotional Intelligence

Background:

Major depressive disorder has been associated with abnormal resting-state functional connectivity (FC), especially in cognitive processing and emotional regulation networks. Although studies have found abnormal FC in regions of the default mode network (DMN), no study has investigated the FC of specific regions within the anterior DMN based on cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the antero-medial pre-frontal cortex (PFC). Studies from different areas in the field have shown regions within the anterior DMN to be involved in emotional intelligence. Although abnormalities in this region have been observed in depression, the relationship between the ventromedial PFC (vmPFC) function and emotional intelligence has yet to be investigated in depressed individuals.

Methods:

Twenty-one medication-free, non–treatment resistant, depressed patients and 21 healthy controls underwent a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging session. The participants also completed an ability-based measure of emotional intelligence: the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test. FC maps of Brodmann areas (BA) 25, 10m, 10r, and 10p were created and compared between the two groups.

Results:

Mixed-effects analyses showed that the more anterior seeds encompassed larger areas of the DMN. Compared to healthy controls, depressed patients had significantly lower connectivity between BA10p and the right insula and between BA25 and the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex. Exploratory analyses showed an association between vmPFC connectivity and emotional intelligence.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that individuals with depression have reduced FC between antero-medial PFC regions and regions involved in emotional regulation compared to control subjects. Moreover, vmPFC functional connectivity appears linked to emotional intelligence.     

Pharmacology of Ultrasonic Vocalizations in adult Rats: Significance,Call Classification and Neural Substrate

Pharmacological studies of emotional arousal and initiation of emotional states in rats measured by their ultrasonic vocalizations are reviewed. It is postulated that emission of vocalizations is an inseparable feature of emotional states and it evolved from mother-infant interaction. Positive emotional states are associated with emission of 50 kHz vocalizations that could be induced by rewarding situations and dopaminergic activation of the nucleus accumbens and are mediated by D1, D2, and partially D3 dopamine receptors. Three biologically significant subtypes of 50 kHz vocalizations have been identified, all expressing positive emotional states: (1) flat calls without frequency modulation that serve as contact calls during social interactions; (2) frequencymodulated calls without trills that signal rewarding and significantly motivated situation; and (3) frequency-modulated calls with trills or trills themselves that are emitted in highly emotional situations associated with intensive affective state. Negative emotional states are associated with emission of 22 kHz vocalizations that could be induced by aversive situations, muscarinic cholinergic activation of limbic areas of medial diencephalon and forebrain, and are mediated by M2 muscarinic receptors. Two biologically significant subtypes of 22 kHz vocalizations have been identified, both expressing negative emotional sates: (1) long calls that serve as alarm calls and signal external danger; and (2) short calls that express a state of discomfort without external danger. The positive and negative states with emission of vocalizations are initiated by two ascending reticular activating subsystems: the mesolimbic dopaminergic subsystem as a specific positive arousal system, and the mesolimbic cholinergic subsystem as a specific negative arousal system.     

Influenza surveillance on ‘foie gras’ duck farms in Bulgaria, 2008–2012

Objectives

Ducks can shed and spread influenza A viruses (IAVs) while showing no disease signs. Our objective was to clarify the role of ‘foie gras’ ducks in the circulation of IAVs in Bulgaria.

Methods

Monthly avian influenza surveillance was conducted on 63 ‘foie gras’ duck farms, 52 of which were surveyed throughout the study between November 2008 and April 2012. Virologic and serologic samples were collected and tested. During this time, wild bird samples were collected at major wild bird‐resting areas near the Black Sea coast and Danube River.

Results

The study showed high isolation frequency of low‐pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. In the raising population (<75 days old), subtypes H3, H4, and H6 were detected monthly and H5 LPAIV, sporadically. Different subtypes (H1, H10, H11) were isolated from the fattening premises (75‐ to 100‐day‐old ducks), suggesting different routes of introduction. Only 6 of the 52 farms that were surveyed both virologically and serologically were influenza‐free throughout the study, possibly due to higher biosecurity measures implemented. No evidence of direct transmission of IAV from wild birds was found. Wild bird surveillance showed low isolation frequency of IAV. IAV prevalence of 0·55% for migratory ducks and 0·53% for migratory geese was estimated in November–December 2011 and January–February 2012, respectively, at two ornithologically important locations near the Black Sea coast.

Conclusions

The ‘foie gras’ duck farms in Bulgaria are an optimal niche where Eurasian‐like IAVs are maintained and reassorted unapparent to farmers and veterinarians.     

情感安抚策略对于行电子结肠镜下息肉摘除术患者其负性情绪、疼痛程度及应激指标的影响

摘要：目的 探究情感安抚策略对于行电子结肠镜下息肉摘除术患者其负性情绪、疼痛程度及应激指标的影响。方法 选取我院于2014年2月~2016年2月收治的76例行电子结肠镜下息肉摘除术患者,以随机数字表作为分组手段,将纳入对象划分为研究组和对照组各38例。其中对照组开展常规护理干预,研究组则在对照组基础上引入情感安抚策略。记录两组患者在入院时、术前1d及退镜后15min的收缩压、心率值;记录两组患者在入院时、术前1d及术后1d的焦虑自评量表（SAS）和抑郁自评量表（SDS）评分;记录两组患者在入院时、术前1d及术后1d的视觉模拟疼痛评分。 结果 在入院时,两组患者的收缩压及心率值比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）;术前1d及退镜后15min的收缩压及心率值均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。在入院时,两组患者的焦虑及抑郁情绪评分差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;术前1d及退镜后15min的焦虑及抑郁情绪评分均低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组患者在入院时的视觉模拟疼痛程度评分无统计学差异（P>0.05）;术前1d和术后1d的视觉模拟疼痛程度评分均低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 情感安抚策略应用于行电子结肠下息肉摘除术患者,有助于改善其不良情绪,还能降低其疼痛程度及生理应激相关指标,取得较为可观的临床成效。     

Unravelling positive aspects of caregiving in dementia: An integrative review of research literature

Background: Family caregiving is the crucial informal care resource to lessen the burdens associated with dementia. Research in this field has focused on reducing the caregiver's burden, but little attention has been given to promoting the positive aspects of caregiving.Objectives: To conduct a systematic critical review of research on the nature of positive aspects of caregiving, and the factors predicting this phenomenon among family caregivers of dementia patients, with the ultimate purpose of gaining insights to explain how and why it emerges.Review methods: A systematic search of the literature was undertaken in the databases OvidMedline, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Scopus, using the keywords ‘care* AND Alzheimer OR dementia AND ‘positive aspect' OR ‘positive experience' OR ‘positive perceptions' OR reward OR gain OR ‘satisfaction with care*' OR ‘care* satisfaction' OR benefit OR uplift OR meaning OR enjoyment OR pleasure OR growth OR hope OR gratification. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklists for qualitative and cohort studies were used to evaluate data quality. Narrative data synthesis was undertaken using the five-stage Whittermore and Knafl method.Results: A total of 3862 articles were identified, of which 41 were included in this review. The key findings are that positive aspects of caregiving among family caregivers of dementia patients form a multi-dimensional construct which covers four key domains: a sense of personal accomplishment and gratification, feelings of mutuality in a dyadic relationship, an increase of family cohesion and functionality, and a sense of personal growth and purpose in life. By integrating the findings about the nature and conditions predicting positive aspects of caregiving, the presence of three conditions was identified as promoting the emergence of such qualities i) personal and social affirmation of role fulfilment, ii) effective cognitive emotional regulation and iii) contexts which favour finding meaning in the caregiving process.Conclusion: The findings of this review provide insight into catalysing the paradigm shift from ‘reducing stress' to ‘optimising positive experience' in developing caregiving support services for dementia, and may guide future empirical study to explain this unique dimension of caregiving experience.     

Do universal school‐based mental health promotion programmes improve the mental health and emotional wellbeing of young people? A literature review

Aims and objectives

To examine evidence—using a range of outcomes—for the effectiveness of school‐based mental health and emotional well‐being programmes.

Background

It is estimated that 20% of young people experience mental health difficulties every year. Schools have been identified as an appropriate setting for providing mental health and emotional well‐being promotion prompting the need to determine whether current school‐based programmes are effective in improving the mental health and emotional well‐being of young people.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted using the health and education databases, which identified 29 studies that measured the effectiveness of school‐based universal interventions. Prisma guidelines were used during the literature review process.

Results

Thematic analysis generated three key themes: (i) help seeking and coping; (ii) social and emotional well‐being; and (iii) psycho‐educational effectiveness.

Conclusion

It is concluded that whilst these studies show promising results, there is a need for further robust evaluative studies to guide future practice.

Relevance to clinical practice

All available opportunities should be taken to provide mental health promotion interventions to young people in the school environment, with a requirement for educational professionals to be provided the necessary skills and knowledge to ensure that the school setting continues to be a beneficial environment for conducting mental health promotion.