戒毒人员健康状况评定量表的初步编制和考评

目的:初步编制评价戒毒人员整体健康水平的综合多维评定量表,并检验其信度和效度。方法:根据WHO的健康定义提出理论构想,查阅相关文献,听取各专家意见,形成初始量表。对949例戒毒人员进行实测后,检验其信效度。结果:(1)通过条目分析,确定量表由120个条目组成(包括效度量表的14条),分属四个维度11个因子,生理维度(D1)35条,心理A维度(D2)26条,心理B维度(D3) 31条,社会维度(D4)14条。(2)重测相关和Cronbaehα系数各因子为0.615～0.879和0.650～0.949,各维度为0.791～0.893和0.844～0.966,总量表为0.899和0.965,所有P<0.01。(3)探索性因子分析显示,各因子的因素负荷均在0.7以上。(4)验证性因素分析结果显示,(?)~2/df=2.415,CFI=0.842,TLI= 0.838,RMSEA=0.039。(5)总量表及生理维度、心理A维度、心理B维度、社会维度得分与QOL—DA的总分及相应维度分的相关系数分别为0.682、0.539、0.698、0.153、0.687(P<0.01)。结论:初步编制的戒毒人员健康状况评定量表,信度和效度均达到了心理测量学的要求。     

Rapid detection of resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a review discussing molecular approaches

The last few years have seen the development of several molecular designs to search for mutations encoding resistance to antituberculous drugs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Most of these are highly efficient for RIF-r detection and are well adapted to search for the most relevant INH-R mutations. In this review, these new molecular approaches are explained and are presented according to the molecular strategies on which they are based. In this sense, techniques based on DNA-sequencing, electrophoresis and hybridization are reviewed and the newer designs based on real-time PCR and microarrays are also included. Molecular methods are sure to transform standard approaches to the issue of resistance in the mycobacteriology laboratory. This will allow laboratories to speed up the performance of resistance assays and provide access to essential information for highly refined detection, follow-up and management of antibiotic resistance in M. tuberculosis .     

Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: no apocalypse now

The number of reports concerning vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is much higher than the number of true resistant strains or unexpected clinical failures. Many confounding factors, including inadequate serum levels, severely ill patients, foreign devices or undrained abscesses, are more likely to be responsible for the clinical failures than resistance to vancomycin.     

黄芪注射液不良反应的病例汇总

黄芪射液目前被临床广泛用于抗病毒,调节免疫治疗。近年来报道的黄芪注射液不良反应有迟发性严重静脉炎、过敏性休克、少尿、药物热、溶血性贫血、喉头水肿、急性荨麻疹、剧烈头痛等。提示临床应用中应当予以重视。     

单细胞转录组测序技术及其在肿瘤研究中的应用

单细胞转录组测序是指对单个细胞的全部RNA进行逆转录、扩增和测序,再进行生物信息学分析的技术。自2009年Tang等基于高通量测序平台开始单细胞转录组测序之后,该技术发展突飞猛进。由于该技术能在单细胞水平诠释细胞的异质性,因此已广泛应用于生命科学各领域尤其是肿瘤等疾病研究。本文将主要综述单细胞转录组测序技术流程和技术发展,及其在肿瘤异质性、肿瘤转移、肿瘤微环境、肿瘤药物等研究中的应用进展。     

基于特征的深度学习预测化合物-蛋白质相互作用的研究进展

药物研发过程中,化合物-蛋白质相互作用（compound-protein interaction,CPI）预测是发现苗头化合物、药物重定位等研究的关键技术手段。近年来,深度学习被广泛应用于CPI研究,加速了药物发现中CPI预测的发展。本文重点讨论基于特征的 CPI 预测模型,首先,介绍了CPI预测中常见的数据库、化合物和蛋白质的典型特征表示方法。根据建模中的关键问题,从多模态和注意力机制两个方面,对基于特征的CPI预测模型展开论述。在此基础上,选取其中12个模型,在3个经典数据集上评估了模型在分类任务和回归任务中的性能。本文总结当前该领域面临的挑战,对未来的发展方向进行展望,为CPI预测方法进一步研究提供思路。     

Effects of thiopental on resistance vessels in cat skeletal muscle

Barbiturates are used clinically as anaesthetics and to reduce raised intracranial pressure. One side effect is hypotension, usually ascribed to a depression of cardiac contractility, while their effects on the resistance vessels are more controversial: both vasodilation and vasoconstriction have been described. This study analyzes the effects of thiopental on basal vascular tone in the cat skeletal muscle. We found that total resistance increased by almost 20% at low (50mol/l) and decreased down to about 50% of control at high (350 mol/l) plasma concentrations of thiopental. The vasoconstriction dominated in the large arterioles (i.d. >25 m) and the vasodilation in the small arterioles (i.d. <25 m). A dosedependent inhibition of myogenic vascular reactivity (here defined as the maximum resistance increase to a transient rise in transmural pressure) coincided with the vasodilation. Autoregulation of blood flow was depressed by thiopental. During vasoconstriction there was a net transcapillary fluid absorption and during vasodilation a net fluid filtration. The fluid movements could be ascribed to variations in capillary hydrostatic pressure. If applicable to the cerebral circulation these results suggest that thiopental at high plasma concentrations might induce, instead of reduce, interstitial brain oedema.     

In Vitro Evaluation of Dexamethasone-β-D-Glucuronide for Colon-Specific Drug Delivery

Dexamethasone--D-glucuronide is a potential prodrug for colonic delivery of the antiinflammatory corticosteroid dexamethasone. Previous studies [T. R. Tozer et al., Pharm. Res. 8:445–454 (1991)] indicated that a glucoside prodrug of dexamethasone was susceptible to hydrolysis in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Resistance of dexamethasone--D-glucuronide to hydrolysis in the upper gastrointestinal tract was therefore assessed. Conventional, germfree, and colitic rats were used to examine enzyme levels along the gastrointestinal tract to compare the stability of two model substrates (p-nitrophenyl--D-glucoside and --D-glucuronide) and to evaluate the prodrug dexamethasone--D-glucuronide. Hydrolytic activity was examined in the luminal contents, mucosa, and underlying muscle/connective tissues in all three types of rats. Enzymatic activity (-D-glucosidase and -D-glucuronidase) was greatest in the lumen of cecum and colon of conventional rats. In contrast, germ-free rats exhibited relatively high levels of -D-glucosidase activity (about 80% of total activity in the conventional rats) in the proximal small intestine (PSI) and the distal small intestine (DSI). Rats with induced colitis (acetic acid) showed reduced levels of luminal -D-glucuronidase activity in the large intestine; however, -D-glucosidase activity was relatively unchanged relative to that of the conventional rat. Mucosal -D-glucuronidase activity was significantly lower in the colitic rats compared with that in the conventional animals. Despite reduced luminal levels of -D-glucuronidase activity in the colitic rats, there was still a sharp gradient of activity between the small and the large intestines. Permeability of the glucoside and glucuronide prodrugs of dexamethasone through a monolayer of Caco-2 cells was relatively low compared to that of dexamethasone. The results indicate that dexamethasone--D-glucuronide should be relatively stable and poorly absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Once the compound reaches the large intestine, it should be hydrolyzed to dexamethasone and glucuronic acid. Specificity of colonic delivery in humans should be even greater due to lower levels of -D-glucuronidase activity in the small intestine compared with that in the laboratory rat.     

Characterization of Oil-in-Water Emulsions Prepared from Solid-State Emulsions: Effect of Matrix and Oil Phase

Emulsions (o/w) were prepared from solid-state emulsions comprised of various matrix materials and oils and the resultant particle size properties determined. Results suggest that for those matrices that can form solid-state emulsions, the droplet size decreased as a function of time, as previously observed. The final droplet size was dependent on the oil utilized but was independent of the matrix material. The use of mineral oil resulted in the smallest droplet diameter (1.5 µm) while isopropyl myristate resulted in the largest droplet diameter (3 µm). With the exception of mineral oil, the oil/water interfacial tension was found to be directly proportional to the droplet diameter. The rate of emulsification appeared to be bi-phasic. The initial emulsification phase appeared to be independent of the matrix material while the terminal phase was a function of the matrix material. Most importantly, it was found that solid state emulsions could be prepared from a diverse, yet specific, list of matrices.