Visual-vestibular interactions in postural control during the execution of a dynamic task

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the interaction between visual and vestibular information during the transition from quiet standing to the completion of a forward step. Six subjects were asked to take one step forward at the sound of an audio tone, with their eyes open or closed, and terminate the step in a standing position. During stimulation trials, galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) was delivered 1500 ms before the auditory cue. GVS was delivered at an intensity three-fold that of each subject's quiet stance threshold with either stimulus right, left or no stimulation. Force data were collected from three forceplates for the calculation of centre of pressure (CoP), and kinematic data were used to calculate centre of mass (CoM) and body trajectories. In quiet stance all subjects responded to the GVS perturbation by demonstrating upper body segment roll and whole body sway towards the anode electrode. Unexpectedly, in the presence of vision during quiet stance, the upper body roll response was not attenuated, even though the CoP sway patterns were reduced when vision was available. During the initiation phase of the step, despite ongoing GVS stimulation, there were no significant effects seen in CoM, CoP or upper body roll responses. During step execution, however, both CoM displacement and upper body roll demonstrated significant effects and both responses were significantly reduced when subjects' eyes were open. Analysis of the medio-lateral CoP integrals also indicated a strong stimulation effect between conditions late in the execution phase, which were largely attenuated with vision. The results suggest that the importance of visual and vestibular information varies depending on the phase of the task. In addition, the different integration between visual and vestibular input during quiet standing suggests a dual role for vestibular information. We propose that vestibular information in quiet standing has a role in maintaining whole body postural stability, as well as playing an integral role in the alignment of the body segments in preparation for proper movement execution. Vision was demonstrated to differentially attenuate these responses based on the phase of the task. Thus, visual and vestibular information appear to be integrated differently across the different phases of a forward-stepping task.     

The teaching of medicine at the University Centre for Health Sciences Yaounde,Cameroon: its concordance with the Edinburgh Declaration on Medical Education

Summary. The University Centre for Health Sciences (UCHS) or as it is referred to in French ‘Centre Universitaire des Sciences de la Santé’ (CUSS), became functional in 1969 with the enrolment of the first group of students. The objective of this training programme was to produce a scientifically sound, multipurpose doctor who would be fully operational in a rural setting with minimal equipment and supplies ( Monekosso 1970, 1972 ). The graduate had to be able to adapt readily to new situations and improvise whenever possible, calling for a high degree of competence and initiative. The training strategies adopted by UCHS in 1969 which met this requirement were later found to be in close concordance with the tenets of the World Conference on Medical Education held in Edinburgh in 1988, the Edinburgh Declaration. While some of the terminology may not have been worked out at the time, the programme developed embraced some new concepts hitherto untried or undeveloped:

• — the problem-solving approach in the first to the sixth year;
• — an integrated teaching approach during the first to sixth year of medical training;
• — an integrated medicine internship in district hospitals in the sixth year;
• — a community-based training approach throughout the training;
• — team training of three different health professionals;
• — competency-based training;
• — health services linked research;
• — health services linked training ( Monekosso & Quenum 1978 ).

The concordance of this programme to the Edinburgh Declaration is of great interest in realizing the World Federation for Medical Education programme and implementing the Edinburgh Declaration. The involvement of the three innovative medical schools in the planning stage of the curriculum explains this concordance.     

人乳头瘤病毒在舌癌细胞中存在状态分析

目的 :探讨人乳头瘤病毒 (HPV) 1 6在舌癌细胞中存在的形式 ,以分析该病毒在舌癌发生中的意义。方法 :采用 Southern blot杂交技术对 2 0例新鲜舌癌组织进行 HPV1 6型基因组 DNA存在状态分析。结果 :2 0例舌癌中有 5例检测出 HPV1 6病毒基因序列 ,该病毒在舌癌中主要以游离形式存在于细胞基因组之外。结论 :HPV1 6在舌癌发生中的作用不是通过病毒基因与细胞基因组整合产生的。推测 HPV某些基因产物与靶细胞某些基因相互作用可能是该病毒致病的途径     

高师音乐专业课程设置改革构想

高师音乐专业教学改革关键是课程设置的改革 ,改革的目的是培养具有创新能力的音乐人才。可从课程名称的改革入手 ,对改革后的课程设置进行分类。应加强音乐课程的学法指导和学生能力的培养。     

Single-handed practices – their contribution to an undergraduate teaching network in the first year of the new curriculum

OBJECTIVES: The new curriculum at King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, which commenced in September 1996, requires all medical undergraduates to have a general practice placement throughout the 5 years of their medical education. DESIGN: This paper discusses recruitment, training and support of teaching practices for the new curriculum, reviews the distribution of single-handed general practices in the network and, via a selection of monitoring and evaluation procedures, discusses the implications of a policy which is inclusive of single-handed practices. The findings relate to the experience of the first semester of the first year of the new curriculum. It also examines the contributions that single-handed practices have made to the teaching network and the kind of support needed, if single-handed practices are to continue to contribute to the King's teaching network. SETTING: King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry. SUBJECTS: Medical undergraduates. RESULTS: The findings of this paper revealed that over a third of general practice provision is via single-handed practices in South-east London. Within the undergraduate teaching network, 10% of practices are single-handed. Students are welcomed and receive a learning experience comparable to those students in larger practices. Attendance at training events has proved difficult for some of these tutors, but the extra input from the department, in order to address this deficit, has not been onerous. Indeed, single-handed practices have not been unique with regard to difficulties in attendance at training events. CONCLUSIONS: The study concludes that single-handed practices can make satisfactory provision for undergraduates in the new curriculum and there is no evidence from this study to suggest otherwise.     

自拟"强心汤"治疗充血性心力衰竭临床观察

观察自拟“强心汤”对慢性充血性心力衰竭(CHF)的治疗作用。将69例CHF患者随机分为治疗组36例、对照组33例。对照组采用常规治疗(地戈辛、醛固酮利尿剂、卡托普利)，治疗组在常规治疗基础上加用自拟“强心场”。12天为1个疗程，检测两组患者心功能、血液动力学以及详地黄和临时西地兰等用量变化。结果治疗组的心功能改善总有效率为盟．7％，对照组的有效率为75．7％(P＜0．05)；平均改善时间、血液动力学指标、心率下降数、射血分数、左室舒张末容积，组间比较有显著性差异(P＜0．05)；治疗组的地戈辛、西地兰、速尿等用量均较对照组显著减少(P＜0．05)。提示自拟“强心汤”能有效改善病人心功能，并减少常规和临时西药用量。     

突破传统适应需要创建中西医结合人才培养模式

湖南中医学院1993年率先开办中西医结合临床医学本科专业;创建"两个基础,一个临床"的人才培养模式和一套适应新的培养模式的课程体系;首编中西医结合临床主体课程系列教材;在教学实践中创建适应新培养模式的实践教学体系和创新思维培养方法;为保证人才培养质量,造就了一批高素质的中西医结合专业教师队伍."两个基础,一个临床"培养模式的实践产生了显著的办学效益和社会影响.     

Assessing accurate sizes of synaptic vesicles in nerve terminals

Chemical synaptic transmission occurs when vesicles within a presynaptic neuron fuse to the membrane and release their neurotransmitter content into the synaptic cleft, eliciting a response in the postsynaptic cell. If concentration of neurotransmitter is the same in all synaptic vesicles, the volume of the vesicle determines how much transmitter is released. Thus, variation in vesicular volume may contribute to observed variance of synaptic quantal unit size. The present study provides an approach to more fully and accurately characterize the dimensions of synaptic vesicles within a population containing varied sizes of vesicles. The methodology can be applied in a wide range of stereological problems. The approach characterizes the distribution of vesicle sizes within a population and provides a means to assess effects of experimental manipulations on vesicle dimensions. The mathematical treatments to obtain the true distribution of vesicle sizes involve extraction of the observed distribution from an enlarged population containing smaller vesicle diameters produced by sectioning of the specimens. A FORTRAN program is provided.     

集成技术在医院图书馆的应用

本文结合医院图书馆实际，采用系统集成及光驱虚拟技术，构建不同系统协同工作的网络环境，实现了多个系统功能的互通，提高了图书馆现代化管理水平及综合服务能力，解决了图书馆建设中存在的管理水平低、服务手段落后及数据库资源闲置浪费等问题。本技术对资金和技术人员紧缺的中小型医院图书馆实现网络共享光盘数据库具有现实意义。