Communication between Parents and Deaf Children: Implications for Social-emotional Development

Parent-child communication plays a central role in social growth, as it does in other domains of development. Over 90 % of deaf children, however, have hearing parents who frequently do not have a fully effective means of communicating with them. This paper examines the role of effective parent-child communication in the social and emotional development of deaf children. Evidence concerning relations between early communication and social-emotional development of deaf children is reviewed, and superficial differences in the ways that parents interact with deaf versus hearing children are distinguished from differences that may have more significant and enduring effects. Hearing parents and their deaf children are found to develop alternative, often nonverbal, interaction strategies. Of primary interest is the extent to which those strategies have impact comparable to the strategies of hearing parents with hearing children or deaf parents with deaf children.     

试论当代生物医学中的道德选择

在当代生物医学领域中，存在诸多道德选择活动，随着科技的发展和生物医学中的众多新事物的涌理，生物医学面临的道德选择日益增多且日趋复杂，作者就当代生物医学道德选择的时代背景，基本特点及其核心原则做了初步探讨。     

The measurement of I for the cement and the paraffin solidified low and intermediate level wastes (LILWs), spent resin or evaporated bottom from the pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power plants

In this paper a relatively simple and low cost analysis procedure to apply to a routine analysis of ¹²⁹I in low and intermediate level radioactive wastes (LILWs), cement and paraffin solidified evaporated bottom and spent resin, which are produced from nuclear power plants (NPPs), pressurized water reactors (PWR), is presented. The ¹²⁹I is separated from other nuclides in LILWs using an anion exchange adsorption and solvent extraction by controlling the oxidation and reduction state and is then precipitated as silver iodide for counting the beta activity with a low background gas proportional counter (GPC). The counting efficiency of GPC was varied from 4% to 8% and it was reversely proportional to the weight of AgI by a self absorption of the beta activity. Compared to a higher pH, the chemical recovery of iodide as AgI was lowered at pH 4. It was found that the chemical recovery of iodide for the cement powder showed a lower trend by increasing the cement powder weight, but it was not affected for the paraffin sample. In this experiment, the overall chemical recovery yield of the cement and paraffin solidified LILW samples and the average weight of them were 67±3% and 5.43±0.53 g, 70±7% and 10.40±1.60 g, respectively. And the minimum detectable activity (MDA) of ¹²⁹I for the cement and paraffin solidified LILW samples was calculated as 0.070 and 0.036 Bq/g, respectively. Among the analyzed cement solidified LILW samples, ¹²⁹I activity concentration of four samples was slightly higher than the MDA and their ranges were 0.076–0.114 Bq/g. Also of the analyzed paraffin solidified LILW samples, five samples contained a little higher ¹²⁹I activity concentration than the MDA and their ranges were 0.036–0.107 Bq/g.     

Endosomal toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to HIV and HCV co-infection – Differential influence in individuals with distinct ethnic background

The genetic background of human populations can influence the susceptibility and outcome of infection diseases. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been previously associated with susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, disease progression and hepatitis C, virus (HCV) co-infection in different populations, although mostly in Europeans. In this study, we investigated the genetic role of endosomal TLRs on susceptibility to HIV infection and HCV co-infection through the analysis of TLR7 rs179008, TLR8 rs3764880, TLR9 rs5743836 and TLR9 rs352140 polymorphisms in 789 Brazilian individuals (374 HIV+ and 415 HIV?), taking into account their ethnic background. Amongst the 357 HIV+ individuals with available data concerning HCV infection, 98 were positive. In European descendants, the TLR9 rs5743836 C carriers displayed a higher susceptibility to HIV infection [dominant, Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.05–2.23; P = 0.027]. In African descendants, TLR9 rs5743836 CT genotype was associated with protection to HIV infection (codominant, OR = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.30–0.87; P = 0.013). Also, the TLR9 rs352140 AA variant genotype was associated with susceptibility to HIV+/HCV+ co-infection in African descendants (recessive, OR = 2.92; 95% CI: 1.22–6.98, P = 0.016). These results are discussed in the context of the different ethnic background of the studied individuals highlighting the influence of this genetic/ethnic background on the susceptibility to HIV infection and HIV/HCV co-infection in Brazilian individuals.     

罗汉果三倍体雌株与二倍体雄株遗传背景的ISSR分析

目的探索罗汉果Siraitia grosvenorii三倍体雌株与二倍体雄株的遗传背景,为无籽罗汉果优良品种的选育提供分子生物学依据。方法利用ISSR分子标记对28份罗汉果种质进行遗传背景分析,用AFLP-SURV计算材料间遗传距离;用TSYS-pc和Gen AIEx分别进行聚类和主坐标分析。结果从100条ISSR引物中筛选出13条用于扩增,共获得131条清晰可辨条带,其中多态性条带99条,多态性位点百分率为75.57%。聚类和主坐标分析表明罗汉果三倍体雌株和二倍体雄株的遗传背景存在一定的丰富性,但大多遗传相似性系数较大,遗传距离较近。结论罗汉果三倍体雌株和二倍体雄株遗传背景的复杂性较低,应该尽快采取相应措施,进行种质创新,丰富无籽罗汉果亲本的遗传背景。     

无陪护模式病房不同能级护理人员承担工作项目调查

目的了解山东省三级综合性医院无陪护模式病房不同能级护理人员承担工作项目情况,为实现护理人力资源优化管理提供基础和依据。方法自行设计无陪护模式病房临床护理人员能级对应相关情况调查表,对山东省6所三级医院无陪护模式病房551名护理人员承担部分工作项目情况进行调查。结果不同能级护理人员承担各护理工作项目有所侧重(均P<0.01),但均承担所有工作项目;基础护理、执行治疗是主要的临床护理工作,分别占23.81%、22.00%;临床教学及科研所占的比重最少,分别占8.17%、2.51%;无陪护模式病房护理工作的主力是大专学历、初级职称及工龄不足3年的护士。结论护理人力资源配置的不合理及利用低效率并存,护理管理者应制定科学的护理人力资源配置标准,并根据不同岗位的专业技术要求配备相应能力的护士,从而优化护理人力资源管理。     

Estimated Effect of Climatic Variables on the Transmission of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in the Republic of Korea

Background: Climate change may affect Plasmodium vivax malaria transmission in a wide region including both subtropical and temperate areas.Objectives: We aimed to estimate the effects of climatic variables on the transmission of P. vivax in temperate regions.Methods: We estimated the effects of climatic factors on P. vivax malaria transmission using data on weekly numbers of malaria cases for the years 2001-2009 in the Republic of Korea. Generalized linear Poisson models and distributed lag nonlinear models (DLNM) were adopted to estimate the effects of temperature, relative humidity, temperature fluctuation, duration of sunshine, and rainfall on malaria transmission while adjusting for seasonal variation, between-year variation, and other climatic factors.Results: A 1°C increase in temperature was associated with a 17.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 16.9, 18.6%] increase in malaria incidence after a 3-week lag, a 10% rise in relative humidity was associated with 40.7% (95% CI: -44.3, -36.9%) decrease in malaria after a 7-week lag, a 1°C increase in the diurnal temperature range was associated with a 24.1% (95% CI: -26.7, -21.4%) decrease in malaria after a 7-week lag, and a 10-hr increase in sunshine per week was associated with a 5.1% (95% CI: -8.4, -1.7%) decrease in malaria after a 2-week lag. The cumulative relative risk for a 10-mm increase in rainfall (≤ 350 mm) on P. vivax malaria was 3.61 (95% CI: 1.69, 7.72) based on a DLNM with a 10-week maximum lag.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that malaria transmission in temperate areas is highly dependent on climate factors. In addition, lagged estimates of the effect of rainfall on malaria are consistent with the time necessary for mosquito development and P. vivax incubation.     

Contrasts in oxidative potential and other particulate matter characteristics collected near major streets and background locations

Background: Measuring the oxidative potential of airborne particulate matter (PM) may provide a more health-based exposure measure by integrating various biologically relevant properties of PM into a single predictor of biological activity.Objectives: We aimed to assess the contrast in oxidative potential of PM collected at major urban streets and background locations, the associaton of oxidative potential with other PM characteristics, and the oxidative potential in different PM size fractions.Methods: Measurements of PM with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm (PM₁₀), PM with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM_2.5), soot, elemental composition, and oxidative potential of PM were conducted simultaneously in samples from 8 major streets and 10 urban and suburban background locations in the Netherlands. Six 1-week measurements were performed at each location over a 6-month period in 2008. Oxidative potential was measured as the ability to generate hydroxyl radicals in the presence of hydrogen peroxide in all PM₁₀ samples and a subset of PM_2.5 samples.Results: The PM₁₀ oxidative potential of samples from major streets was 3.6 times higher than at urban background locations, exceeding the contrast for PM mass, soot, and all measured chemical PM characteristics. The contrast between major streets and suburban background locations was even higher (factor of 6.5). Oxidative potential was highly correlated with soot, barium, chromium, copper, iron, and manganese. Oxidative potential of PM₁₀ was 4.6 times higher than the oxidative potential of PM_2.5 when expressed per volume unit and 3.1 times higher when expressed per mass unit.Conclusions: The oxidative potential of PM near major urban roads was highly elevated compared with urban and suburban background locations, and the contrast was greater than that for any other measured PM characteristic.     

气象因素对青岛市区居民脑出血发病的影响

目的探讨气象因素变化对居民脑出血发病的影响。方法对连续5年间市区4家大医院1154例脑出血患者的发病时间特点进行分析,用构成比、方差分析和圆分布分别分析发病的月分布、季节差别和年度集中趋势,对8项月气象指标和2项候(每5天)气象指标及其变化对同期脑出血发病的影响进行单变量和多变量分析。结果(1)脑出血冬季高发,夏季低发;(2)脑出血发病有集中的趋势,平均角分别是12月、1月和2月(P<0·05);(3)单因素相关分析显示脑出血的月发病人数与3项温度指标均呈负相关,与3项气压指标均呈正相关;候发病例数只与候平均温度的候际差呈负相关(r=-0·35284,P<0·05);(4)多变量逐步回归分析显示脑出血与月平均气压、月平均相对湿度和月平均风速有关,脑出血的候发病例数只与候平均最低温度的候际差相关(P<0·05)。结论脑出血发病有明确的季节性,年度发病集中趋势是冬季的3个月份。脑出血发病与气温和气压突变有关,尤易于被降温诱发。多种气象因素相互协同或拮抗共同影响脑出血的发病。